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501.
132:349144
Peroxide application in ECF sequences: a description of the
state-of-the-art.
Suss, Hans Ulrich; Schmidt, Kurt; Del Grosso, Michael; Mahagaonkar,
Madhu (Applied Technology, Degussa-Huls, Hanau, Germany). Appita
J., 53(2), 116-121 (English) 2000 Appita. CODEN: APJOES. ISSN:
1038-6807. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose,
Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
In elemental Cl-free (ECF) bleaching, the reinforcement of the E stages
with oxidants, O and H2O2, decreases the demand for ClO2 in
subsequent stages. A final P stage can lower the ClO2 demand,
because much less than the oxidative equiv. amt. of H2O2 is required to
achieve the same final brightness. Brightness stability in accelerated
heat aging is improved with a final P stage. Very high temp. and
pressurized conditions in the P stage cause thermal decompn., which
produces pulp viscosity and yield losses. This applies for both Eop
stages and final P stages. The effects of H2O2 are described in terms
of pulp brightness increase and chem. demands, as well as bleached
pulp viscosity, effluent COD levels, and pulp yield. Optimum stage
conditions are to apply moderate amts. of H2O2 at a temp. level <90*.
Higher temp. results in lower viscosity and higher effluent COD loads.
502.
132:346991
Methods and systems for reducing microbial populations.
(Raytec Corporation; Engelhard Corporation, Inc., USA). PCT Int.
Appl. WO 2000032052 A1 8 Jun 2000, 47 pp. DESIGNATED
STATES: W: AE, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH,
CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR,
HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV,
MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE,
SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM,
AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM; RW: AT, BE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CH,
CI, CM, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GA, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, ML, MR,
NE, NL, PT, SE, SN, TD, TG. (English). (World Intellectual Property
Organization). CODEN: PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM: A23B004-16. ICS:
A23B004-24; A23B007-144; A23B007-157; A23L003-3409.
APPLICATION: WO 1999-US28084 24 Nov 1999. PRIORITY: US
1998-PV109849 25 Nov 1998; US 1998-PV109912 25 Nov 1998; US
1998-PV109875 25 Nov 1998; US 1999-303039 30 Apr 1999; US
1999-303147 30 Apr 1999; US 1999-303767 30 Apr 1999.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 17 (Food and Feed
Chemistry)
Method and system are disclosed for treating and/or protecting food
and floral products while stored or displayed, against infestation by and
proliferation of microorganisms with an antimicrobially effective amt. of
chlorine dioxide gas or chlorine dioxide in soln., or with a combination
of an antimicrobial agent and chlorine dioxide. A kit and treated pad
for use in the food storage and/or display environments are also
disclosed.
503.
132:341016
Completely inverted ClO vibrational distribution from OClO(2A2 24,0,0).
Delmdahl, R. F.; Bakker, B. L. G.; Parker, D. H. (Department of
Molecular and Laser Physics, Catholic University of Nijmegen,
Nijmegen 6525 ED, Neth.). J. Chem. Phys., 112(12), 5298-5300
(English) 2000 American Institute of Physics. CODEN: JCPSA6.
ISSN: 0021-9606. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 74
(Radiation Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other
Reprographic Processes) Section cross-reference(s): 65, 73
The gas phase dissocn. dynamics of sym. chlorine dioxide highly
photoexcited into its 2A2 24,0,0 vibronic level has been investigated by
monitoring both the kinetic energy release and the angular distribution
of the O(3P2) products via velocity map imaging. The resulting O(3P2)
kinetic energy profile provides full the vibrational distribution of the
formed ClO(X 2P,v) radicals. The measured O fragment kinetic energy
distribution reflects an unprecedented nonstatistical vibrational state
population of their diat. partners, where the excess energy is focused
only in the three highest possible ClO vibrational levels v=18-20, with
little fragment rotation. The anisotropy of the dissocn. process sheds
new light on the fragmentation dynamics of this stratospherically
relevant triat. mol.
504.
132:339849
Local reactivity indices of free radicals: Ab initio Hartree-Fock and
Kohn-Sham density functional calculations.
Kar, Tapas; Sannigrahi, A. B. (Department of Chemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA). Indian J. Chem., Sect.
A: Inorg., Bio-inorg., Phys., Theor. Anal. Chem., 39A(1-3), 68-74
(English) 2000 National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR.
CODEN: ICACEC. ISSN: 0376-4710. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal
CA Section: 67 (Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction
Mechanisms) Section cross-reference(s): 65
The local reactivity indexes such as condensed Fukui function (fAo),
unpaired spin population (SA) and free valency (FA) of a no. of free
radicals have been calcd. by ab initio HF and d. functional (B3LYP)
methods using different schemes of population anal. and basis sets.
Irresp. of the choice of the variants in the methods of calcn. the three
indexes predict identical site for a free radical attack in most cases.
However, since the B3LYP wave functions describe almost pure spin
states, they are preferable to the UHF wave functions which are
appreciably spin contaminated in many cases. The stereoselectivity of
a few simple reactions has been discussed using these indexes. Of
the three quantities, the free valency is found to be most satisfactory.
505.
132:339001
Water treatment method by ballasted floc including a recycling of
granular material.
Moreau, Pascal; Binot, Patrick; Boissonnade, Genevieve (OTV
Omnium De Traitement Et De Valorisation, Fr.). PCT Int. Appl. WO
2000029335 A1 25 May 2000, 22 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: W:
AE, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU,
CZ, DE, DK, DM, EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN,
IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG,
MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL,
TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG,
KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM; RW: AT, BE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CH, CI, CM, CY,
DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GA, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, ML, MR, NE, NL, PT,
SE, SN, TD, TG. (French). (World Intellectual Property Organization).
CODEN: PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-52. ICS: B03B005-34;
B04C005-18; B01D021-26. APPLICATION: WO 1999-FR2836 18
Nov 1999. PRIORITY: FR 1998-14686 18 Nov 1998. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Patent CA Section: 61 (Water)
The invention concerns a flocculation-decantation method by ballasted
flocs using a granular material and a step which consists in treating the
sludge derived from flocculation-decantation in a circular grit trap
wherein the auxiliary liqs. are tangentially injected into the sludge
substantially in the same direction as the latter. The invention also
concerns a circular grit trap with a cylindrical part of diam. D
tangentially supplied with the suspension to be treated and a conical
part and provided with a cylindrical chamber injecting washwater
provided at the conical part outlet and having a diam. D' ranging
between 0.35 D and 0.65 D, said cylindrical chamber having at least a
tangential supply of auxiliary liq. along the same feeding direction as
said tangential supply of the suspension to be treated.
506.
132:338506
GODIVA, a European project for ozone and trace gas measurements
from GOME.
Goede, A. P. H.; Tanzi, C. P.; Aben, I.; Burrows, J. P.; Weber, M.;
Perner, D.; Monks, P. S.; Llewellyn-Jones, D.; Corlett, G. K.; Arlander,
D. W.; Platt, U.; Wagner, T.; Pfeilsticker, K.; Taalas, P.; Kelder, H.;
Piters, A. (Space Research Organization Netherlands (SRON), Utrecht
3584 CA, Neth.). Adv. Space Res., 26(6), 951-954 (English) 2000
Elsevier Science Ltd. CODEN: ASRSDW. ISSN: 0273-1177.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial
Hygiene) Section cross-reference(s): 53, 79
GODIVA (GOME Data Interpretation, Validation and Application) is a
European Commission project aimed at the improvement of GOME
(Global Ozone Monitoring Expt.) data products. Existing data products
include global ozone, NO2 columns and (IR) radiances. Advanced data
products include O3 profiles, BrO, HCHO and OClO columns. These
data are validated by ground-based and balloon borne instruments.
Calibration issues are studied by in-flight monitoring using several
complementary calibration sources, as well as an on-ground replica of
the GOME instrument. The results will lead to specification of
operational processing of the EUMETSAT ozone Satellite Application
Facility as well as implementation of the improved and new GOME
data products in the NILU database for use in the European THESEO
(Third European Stratospheric Expt. on Ozone) campaign of 1999.
507.
132:336040
Research about new oxidative unhairing method using chlorine dioxide
solution.
Chen, Wuyong; Zhang, Yang; Qi, Jianguo; Tian, Jinping; Jiang,
Yonghua; Yan, Xiaodan (Leather Engineering Department, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610065, Peop. Rep. China). Zhongguo Pige,
28(19), 4-5, 28 (Chinese) 1999 Zhongguo Pige Zazhishe. CODEN:
ZHPIEL. ISSN: 1001-6813. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section:
45 (Industrial Organic Chemicals, Leather, Fats, and Waxes)
ClO2 soln. was prepd. by KClO3 and H2C2O4 in H2SO4 medium, and
used in the oxidative unhairing process of leather. The optimum
process conditions were decided. The results showed that the
oxidative unhairing process using ClO2 was feasible, and the obtained
leather had the advantages of tight grain surface, fine grain texture,
fullness and softness.
508.
132:335966
Effect of pH on kinetics and bleaching efficiency of chlorine dioxide
delignification.
Chandranupap, Panitnad; Nguyen, Kien Loi (Department of Chemical
Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia). Appita J.,
53(2), 108-110 (English) 2000 Appita. CODEN: APJOES. ISSN:
1038-6807. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose,
Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The pH has a pronounced effect on both kinetics and bleaching
efficiency of ClO2 delignification. ClO2 delignifies a Eucalyptus
globulus kraft pulp at a faster rate, and more effectively, at pH 4.0 than
at pH 2.0 or pH 10.0. The findings are consistent with previous
suggestions that the kinetics and stoichiometry of ClO2 delignification
depend on the degree of conversion of ClO2 into inactive chlorate and
chlorite.
510.
132:326104
Prevention of outflow of body fluids from corpse.
Inomura, Kotobuki (Tsukasa K. K., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho
JP 2000128701 A2 9 May 2000, 4 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN:
JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: A01N001-00. ICS: A01N025-00;
A01N059-00. APPLICATION: JP 1998-296496 19 Oct 1998.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 63 (Pharmaceuticals)
The process involves injecting stabilized ClO2 solns. into the corpse
and then inserting liq.-absorbents comprising highly water-absorbing
polymers into the corpse, or vice versa. Outflow of body fluids from the
oral cavity, nostrils, etc. of the body is prevented for preservation of the
corpse.
511.
132:325751
Committee report: disinfection at large and medium-size systems.
Connell, G. F.; Routt, J. C.; Macler, B.; Andrews, R. C.; Chen, J. M.;
Chowdhury, Z. K.; Crozes, G. F.; Finch, G. B.; Hoehn, R. C.; Jacangelo,
J. G.; Penkal, A.; Schaeffer, G. R.; Schulz, C. R.; Uza, M. P.; Connell,
Gerry; Macler, Bruce; Routt, Jan (AWWA Water Quality Division
Disinfection Systems Committee, USA). J. - Am. Water Works Assoc.,
92(5), 32-43 (English) 2000 American Water Works Association.
CODEN: JAWWA5. ISSN: 0003-150X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal
CA Section: 61 (Water)
As a follow-up to its surveys of 1979 and 1989, the American Water
Works Assocn. Disinfection Systems Committee conducted a survey in
1998 of disinfection practices at large and medium (i.e., those serving
*10,000 people) systems using surface water or groundwater supplies.
Cl2, either as gas or hypochlorite, remained the predominant choice for
primary disinfection. Moderate increases were obsd. in the use of
alternative forms of Cl2, such as chloramines, ClO2, and O3. Based on
the survey results, large and medium systems appear well-prepd. to
meet the new Stage 1 disinfection byproduct requirements; many
appear to be capable of meeting proposed Stage 2 requirements if
they are implemented in their current form. These systems also appear
to be meeting existing Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and
pending Interim Enhanced SWTR turbidity and disinfection C * T
requirements. But, based on data submitted by only about half of the
respondents, ~10% may have to further enhance treatment to meet
Stage 1 total org. C removal requirements.
512.
132:325750
Committee report: disinfection at small systems.
Connell, G. F.; Routt, J. C.; Macler, B.; Andrews, R. C.; Chen, J. M.;
Chowdhury, Z. K.; Crozes, G. F.; Finch, G. B.; Hoehn, R. C.; Jacangelo,
J. G.; Penkal, A.; Schaeffer, G. R.; Schulz, C. R.; Uza, M. P.; Macler,
Bruce; Connell, Gerry; Routt, Jan (AWWA Water Quality Division
Disinfection Systems Committee; Disinfection Systems Committee,
American Water Works Association, USA). J. - Am. Water Works
Assoc., 92(5), 24-31 (English) 2000 American Water Works
Association. CODEN: JAWWA5. ISSN: 0003-150X. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
In 1998, the Disinfection Systems Committee of the American Water
Works Assocn. Water Quality Division surveyed disinfection practices
of smaller US water systems (serving *10,000 people). Systems using
groundwater and surface water were surveyed sep. Of survey
respondents, 97% of surface water systems and 86% of groundwater
systems provided disinfection. Among surface water systems
responding, 94% provided filtration. Survey data suggested most
systems will be able to comply with Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection
Byproducts Rule requirements for total trihalomethanes, but many may
need to better control haloacetic acids. This report suggested that
systems currently using disinfection should begin disinfectant and
disinfection byproduct monitoring and develop disinfection profiles
ahead of regulatory requirements.
513.
132:323161
Acid treatment under pressurized oxygen gas.
Uchida, Yosuke; Miura, Takahiro; Iwasaki, Makoto (Pulp & Paper
Research Laboratory, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., Japan). TAPPI Pulping
Conf., Volume 1, 317-322. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999.
CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
Decreasing the consumption of bleaching chems. by acid treatment of
O-delignified hardwood kraft pulps was investigated. The results
indicated that the decrease in ClO2 requirement was proportional to the
decrease of kappa no. (KN) with acid treatment, in case of ClO2 in the
1st bleaching stage, e.g. in D-E-D sequence. In contrast, the decrease
of Cl was less than that of KN, in case of Cl in the 1st bleaching stage,
e.g. in C-E-H-D sequence. The characteristics of acid-treated pulps
were examd., in order to find out the reason of the difference between
the decrease of ClO2 and that of Cl. The results suggested that the
chromophores were generated, and phenolic OH groups content of
residual lignin was increased, during acid treatment. The acid
treatment of pulps was conducted under pressurized O gas in order to
prevent the generation of chromophores. As a result, the bleachability
of acid-treated pulp was improved.
514.
132:323142
Studies on bleachability of RDH pulp.
Li, Youming; Chang, H-m; Jameel, H. (South China University of
Technology, Canton 510641, Peop. Rep. China). Zhongguo Zaozhi,
18(5), 36-38 (Chinese) 1999 Zhongguo Zaozhi Xuehui. CODEN:
ZHZADC. ISSN: 0254-508X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The bleachability of rapid displacement heating (RDH) pulp was
studied. The introduction of org. material during pretreatment with
black liquor had some effect on the bleachability of RDH pulp. At low
ClO2 concn., the RDH pulp had better bleachability than the traditional
Kraft pulp, and increasing sulfidity had a pos. effect on the bleachability
of RDH pulp. With the increase of ClO2 concn., the difference of
bleachability among the various pulps diminished. The RDH pulp
maintained relative high viscosity after bleaching.
515.
132:317264
Synthesis of stable chlorine dioxide.
Feng, Daijun; Zhou, Yuanyuan; Xie, Nengyong; Huang, Jinxia (Fac.
Chem. Mater. Sci., Hubei Univ., Wuhan 430062, Peop. Rep. China).
Hubei Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 21(4), 354-356 (Chinese) 1999
Hubei Daxue Xuebao Bianjibu. CODEN: HDXZEM. ISSN:
1000-2375. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 78 (Inorganic
Chemicals and Reactions)
Stable chlorine dioxide soln. was synthesized and the factors which
affect chem. yields of the product were analyzed including temp.,
materials and stabilizers.
516.
132:315712
Study of photolysis of residuals of chlorine products in water.
Viltres, C.; Perissinottil, L. J. (Derivados de la Cana de Azucar, Instituto
Cubano de Investigaciones, Ciudad habana, Cuba). Rev. Deriv. Cana
Azucar, 33(1), 90-99 (Spanish) 1999 Instituto Cubano de
Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Cana de Azucar. CODEN:
SDCAAR. ISSN: 1025-3076. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; (computer
magnetic disk) CA Section: 74 (Radiation Chemistry, Photochemistry,
and Photographic and Other Reprographic Processes)
It is reported the electronic paramagnetic resonance spectra of the
sym. chlorine dioxide (OClO) in water, under UV radiation originating
from a lamp of median mercury pressure (light was monochromatic with
an optical filter of 366 nm); in order to complete the study of the degrdn.
that suffers the OClO by the light. The OClO was generated by the
reaction among sodium chlorite and peroxodisulfate of potassium,
being eliminated thus the presence, not desirable, from chlorine in the
final product. Samples were photolyzed at different times, varying
several parameters of the equipment of ESR to achieve the
optimization sign of ESR issued by the OClO (mol. with a free electron).
517.
132:313921
A density functional study of H2O-OClO, (H2O)2-OClO and H2O-ClOO
complexes.
Aloisio, S.; Francisco, J. S. (Department of Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA). Chem. Phys., 254(1), 1-9
(English) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. CODEN: CMPHC2. ISSN:
0301-0104. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 65 (General
Physical Chemistry)
We have calcd. the min. structures for the complexes of chlorine
dioxide with water. We have also computed vibrational and rotational
frequencies, as well as binding energies for these complexes.
H2O-OClO, in which an oxygen atom of OClO is bonded to a hydrogen
of H2O, has a binding energy of 2.0 kcal mol-1 at the highest level of
theory. H2O-ClOO, which is bonded through the chlorine of ClOO and a
hydrogen of water, has a binding energy of 1.3 kcal mol-1. We also
studied the complex of two waters bound to the OClO mol. in order to
explain the reactivity of this mol. in the aq. phase.
518.
132:313226
Determining disinfection needs.
Bellamy, William; Carlson, Kenneth; Pier, David; Ducoste, Joel;
Carlson, Mark (Water supply and treatment at CH2M Hill, Englewood,
CO 80112, USA). J. - Am. Water Works Assoc., 92(5), 44-52 (English)
2000 American Water Works Association. CODEN: JAWWA5. ISSN:
0003-150X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
The integrated disinfection design framework (IDDF) is a new
approach for detg. disinfection requirements for a water treatment
facility. The framework may be applied in place of the procedures in
the US Environmental Protection Agency's Surface Water Treatment
Rule guidance manual. Potential benefits include lower disinfectant
dosages, reduced disinfectant costs, and reduced formation of
disinfection byproducts. The feasibility of the IDDF was presented in
an AWWA Research Foundation-sponsored project completed in
1998. A user-friendly model has been developed based on the original
IDDF concepts; this model allows utility personnel, consultants, and
regulators to det. site-specific disinfection requirements. The model
has four components or modules: (1) hydraulic characteristics, (2)
disinfectant demand-decay, (3) inactivation kinetics, and (4)
disinfection byproduct formation. Implementation of the IDDF at the
Aurora, (Colorado) Water Department is in progress, with a chlorine
dioxide dosage redn. of approx. 15%. Other IDDF implementation
studies have indicated that primary disinfectant dosages can be
reduced by 8-35% with a corresponding redn. in disinfection
byproducts.
519.
132:313219
Minimization of disinfection by-products formation in water purification
process using chlorine dioxide - case studies.
Schmidt, Wido; Bohme, Ute; Sacher, Frank; Brauch, Heinz-Jurgen (
DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser Karlsruhe (TZW), Dresden
D-01139, Germany). Ozone: Sci. Eng., 22(2), 215-226 (English) 2000
Lewis Publishers. CODEN: OZSEDS. ISSN: 0191-9512.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
The formation of the byproduct chlorite after using ClO2 for the
disinfection of drinking water depends on the quantity of the dissolved
org. matter. A further decisive factor for the chlorite formation is the
level of residual free ClO2. The ClO2 demand decreases by application
of activated C filtration, esp. after the use of a combination of ozone
and activated C treatment of the water. Nevertheless, higher ClO2
residuals are a source of chlorite and chlorate formation. The concept
of the Min. ClO2 Dosage (MCDD) is developed to give a clue to the
water companies for an optimized ClO2 dose without compromising the
disinfection efficiency. In the MCDD, the residual level of ClO2 is
focused to 0.05 mg/L after 0.5 h contact time. In the range of the
MCDD the ratio of the chlorite formation and the ClO2 demand is nearly
independent of the level of DOC.
520.
132:313190
Chlorine dioxide in drinking and process water treatment.
Kuke, Fritz (Dr. Kuke GmbH, Hannover, Germany). Nachr. Chem.,
48(4), 544-546 (German) 2000 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. CODEN:
NACHFB. ISSN: 1439-9598. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 61 (Water)
ClO2 is a known disinfection agent. Due to the instability of this gas
and the explosion hazard of its mixts. with air, it has to be produced by
a safe technol. A modified persulfate/chlorite process safely produces
ClO2 soln. by simple mixing of two components.
521.
132:310432
Manufacture of chlorine dioxide solution for water and wastewater
treatment.
Wang, Shuyan (Peop. Rep. China ). Faming Zhuanli Shenqing
Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1219501 A 16 Jun 1999,4 pp. (Chinese).
(People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS: ICM:
C01B011-04. APPLICATION: CN 1998-124605 29 Oct 1998.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic
Chemicals) Section cross-reference(s): 59, 60
The chlorine dioxide soln. is manufd. by reacting HCl and NaClO3 in
water at 30-40* for 0.5-1 h to obtain 10-40 g/l ClO2 soln.
522.
132:309884
Effect of a novel enzyme on fiber morphology during ECF bleaching of
oxygen delignified Eucalyptus kraft pulps.
Torres, A. L.; Roncero, M. B.; Colom, J. F.; Pastor, F. I. J.; Blanco, A.;
Vidal, T. (Department of Textile and Paper Engineering, ETSEI
Terrassa, Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa 08222, Spain).
Bioresour. Technol., 74(2), 135-140 (English) 2000 Elsevier Science
Ltd. CODEN: BIRTEB. ISSN: 0960-8524. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood
Products) Section cross-reference(s): 7
The use of a novel "xylanase A" enzyme was beneficial in the elemental
Cl-free (ECF) bleaching of O-delignified Eucalyptus kraft pulps. The
application of the enzyme made possible prodn. of fully bleached pulps
with high brightness (89% ISO) and viscosities (>800 cm3/g), without
elemental Cl (XDnEpD and DnEpD sequences) at low ClO2
consumption. As a result of the enzyme treatment, morphol. changes,
e.g. cracks, flakes, filaments, and peeling of the fiber cell wall, were
obsd. by SEM. These modifications of the fiber surface facilitated the
access to the fiber cell wall for the successive bleaching with less
chems.
523.
132:309876
Optimization of chlorine dioxide consumption in ECF bleaching.
Dahl, Olli; Tirri, Tapio; Lampela, Kari; Niinimaki, Jouko; Fiskari, Juha (
University of Oulu, Oulu FIN-90401, Finland). TAPPI Pulping Conf.,
Volume 3, 1067-1075. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999.
CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The reagent consumption in D-stages of elemental Cl-free (ECF)
bleaching was examd., keeping the dosages of alkali const. in the
E1-stage and in the short alkali treatment (Es) stage between D1- and
D2-stages. The ECF sequence examd. in this study was
D0-E1-D1-Es-D2. All tests were done in lab. conditions using 3 different
dosages of ClO2 in each D-stage: in D0-stage the dosages were 15,
25, and 35 kg ClO2 as active Cl per oven-dry ton of metric pulp; in D1
and D2-stages 15, 20, 25, and 7.5, 10, 12.5, resp. In all, 27 bleaching
sequences were tested. In addn., 3 sequences were selected and
re-tested with optimized pH in each ClO2 stage. The results indicated
that full brightness of softwood kraft pulp (>88% ISO) can be achieved
by using the major part of ClO2 in the D0- or D1-stage and by optimizing
the final pH of all D-stages. When the D1-stage emphatic sequence
(15-25-12.5) was used, a final brightness of 87.5% ISO and a total
reagent consumption of 51.6 kg/tp (as kg equiv. Cl per metric ton of
oven-dry pulp) were attained. Correspondingly, with D0-stage emphatic
sequence (25-20-10) the obtained brightness was 88.6% ISO and
reagent consumption 54.0 kg/tp. The highest brightness 88.8% ISO
and highest reagent consumption 54.7 kg/tp were attained with a
strongly D0-stage emphatic sequence, 35-15-7.5. A strongly D0-stage
emphatic sequence also gave the best final viscosity of the pulp.
524.
132:309875
Optimization of pH in ECF bleaching.
Lampela, Kari; Tolonen, Pentti; Dahl, Olli (Neles Automation, Kajaani
FIN-87101, Finland). TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 3, 1059-1066.
TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN: 68UHAF.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin,
Paper, and Other Wood Products)
A new control and measurement strategy for the elemental Cl-free
(ECF) bleaching process was developed and tested in a mill scale.
The successful development of the control system was based on earlier
published lab. results, which clearly indicated that, in ECF bleaching,
the optimum final pH is different in each D stages, and addnl. strongly
dependent on the ClO2 dosage used. The results of long-term mill
experiences showed that, when the brightness and kappa factor
controls are supported by existing pH measurement, the function of
bleaching stages can be controlled more comprehensively than ever
before. This system will give a significant chem. savings and also
behave as a safeguard for the final tech. properties of the produced
pulp.
525.
132:309874
Advanced sequence kappa factor control. Part 1. DE kappa control.
Perala, Jukka; Kirby, Ray (Orion CEM, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA).
TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 3, 1047-1057. TAPPI Press: Atlanta,
Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Conference CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood
Products)
The implementation of elemental Cl-free (ECF) bleaching significantly
changed the kinetics of the delignification process in pulp bleaching.
With these process changes, the once proven strategies, e.g.
compensated brightness control based on in-line measurements of
pulp brightness and chem. residual, became very inefficient. In addn.,
compensated brightness control, like so many other previous bleach
plant control concepts, was focused only to control the bleaching
conditions in a single bleaching stage. This study is the 1st in a series
to describe modern control solns. for total bleach plant control. A
control soln. installed in a southern US pulp mill, controlling the pulp
delignification in the 1st 2 stages of the bleach plant, D (EOP) stages,
is described. In this control soln., kappa no. is measured continuously
with in-line sensors before the D stage and after the EOP stage.
Continuous kappa no. measurements make it possible to apply exact
bleaching chem. dosages in each bleaching stage, even when the
incoming kappa no. is changing. Also, with the feedback control based
on the 2nd kappa no. measurement, the system maintains kappa no.
after the EOP stage within its optimum range.
526.
132:309870
Atmospheric pulping of non-woody fibers.
Nomura, Takanori; Takada, Makoto; Oka, Masato; Matsubara,
Hirokazu; Ohira, Taketoshi; Shinagawa, Shunichi (Gifu Prefectural
Research Institute of Industrial Product Technology, Mino Gifu
501-3716, Japan). TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 1, 19-26. TAPPI
Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other
Wood Products)
Because of global environment concerns, the use of non-woody fiber
resources became a major focus in pulp and paper prodn. The prepn.
of pulps from plant fibers normally requires the use of an autoclave for
the fiberization and delignification processes. A pulping process was
developed, suitable for various non-woody fibers, e.g. Manila hemp,
sisal, jute, and some other non-woody fibers, which can be performed
under atm. pressure. In this process, the well known bleaching agent
ClO2 was used as the main chem. to de-lignify the fibers, without the
use of an autoclave. The cooking conditions were milder than the
methods used in the kraft and sulfite pulping processes, and
subsequently resulted in pulps with higher yields and enhanced phys.
properties.
527.
132:309865
Some factors affecting chloroform generation during chlorine dioxide
bleaching of pulp.
Louch, Jeff; Messmer, Ron; Wilson, Glenn (West Coast Regional
Center, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement, Inc., Corvallis, OR 97339, USA). TAPPI Pulping Conf.,
Volume 2, 771-784. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999.
CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
A study employing lab.-scale bleaching was performed to characterize
the relationship between specific bleach plant parameters and CHCl3
generation from ClO2 bleaching, i.e., elemental Cl-free (ECF)
bleaching. The expts. carried out conformed to a 4-factor/2-level
factorial study design, and the 4 bleach plant parameters studied were
D0-stage final pH, D0-stage kappa factor, ClO2 source, and pulp
source. Results from the factorial study indicated that D0-stage final pH
and ClO2 source both had significant effects on CHCl3 generation in the
lab.-scale bleaches, and that D0-stage final pH and kappa factor
interacted. CHCl3 generation in lab. D0E1-stages increased with
D0-stage final pH over the range from pH 1.9 to 3.5 and, in 3 out of 4
cases, ClO2 contg. 1.7% Cl as a byproduct gave less CHCl3 than was
generated using ClO2 contg. 13% Cl. The interaction between
D0-stage final pH and kappa factor manifested as more CHCl3 being
produced from 0.15 than from 0.30 kappa factor bleaches when
D0-stage final pH was 3.5, whereas 0.30 kappa factor bleaches gave
greater amts. of CHCl3 than 0.15 kappa factor bleaches when D0-stage
final pH was 1.9. The 2 exptl. pulps did not give significantly different
amts. of CHCl3 in these lab.-scale bleaching expts. Overall, D0-stage
final pH was ranked as the factor having the greatest numerical impact
on CHCl3 generation, followed by kappa factor, ClO2 type, then pulp
type. Addnl. expts. confirmed that D-stage carryover can increase
E-stage CHCl3, and the data suggested that approx. 10% carryover of
lab. D0-stage filtrates would have resulted in a 10-40% increase in the
assocd. E1-stage CHCl3 levels.
528.
132:299513
Long-lived homogenous amide containing macrocyclic compounds.
Collins, Terrence J.; Gordon-Wylie, Scott W.; Horwitz, Colin P. (
Carnegie Mellon University, USA). U.S. US 6054580 A 25 Apr 2000,
82 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S. 5,847,120. (English). (United States of
America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: C07D257-02. NCL:
540460000. APPLICATION: US 1998-96753 12 Jun 1998.
PRIORITY: US 1996-681237 22 Jul 1996. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent
CA Section: 67 (Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction
Mechanisms) Section cross-reference(s): 6, 28, 78
A robust compd. is provided having the formula I, wherein Y1, Y2, Y3 and
Y4 are oxidn. resistant groups which are the same or different and
which form 5- or 6-membered rings with a metal, M, when bound to D.
D is a metal complexing donor atom, O or N. Each X is a position for
addn. of a substituent and, when D is N, each position is (i) not
occupied such that a double bond is formed between D and an atom
adjacent to D, or (ii) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkoxy, phenoxy, halogen, halogenated alkyl,
halogenated aryl, halogenated alkenyl, halogenated alkynyl,
perhaloalkyl, perhaloaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl ring,
a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl ring, a substituted or
unsubstituted satd. heterocyclic ring, a substituted or unsubstituted
unsatd. heterocyclic ring, and at least one X is hydrogen, and when D is
O, the position is not occupied. Applications for oxidn. catalysis are
claimed.
529.
132:298105
Transformation of aqueous pollutants by chlorine dioxide: reactions,
mechanisms and products.
Rav-Acha, Chaim (Research Laboratory of Water Quality, State of
Israel, Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv 61082, Israel). Handb. Environ.
Chem., Volume 5, Issue Pt. C, 143-175. Edited by: Hrubec, Jiri.
Springer: Berlin, Germany. (English) 1998. CODEN: 45NZAP.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference; General Review CA Section: 61
(Water) Section cross-reference(s): 60
A review with more than 114 refs. Chlorine dioxide is frequently used
for the disinfection of drinking water and wastewater effluents. Its use is
desired in particular in case of taste and odor problems caused by
chlorine, or when the concn. of undesirable chlorinated byproducts
exceeds their max. allowable concns. The chem. reactions of chlorine
dioxide are much more specific and selective than those of chlorine
and, as a consequence, it has a lower demand by water and does not
produce as many byproducts. However, chlorine dioxide is not an ideal
oxidant either, because it reacts with various inorg. and org. aquatic
compds. to produce a variety of products. The present chapter
summarizes the reactions of ClO2 with the major inorg. compds. or org.
groups which are, or may be, present in water, and describes their
products. Special attention has been paid to the mechanisms of
reactions in order to enable the prediction of reactions and products
not specified in the current chapter. Some toxicol. assessments of
chlorine dioxide disinfection in general, and of some of its byproducts
in particular, are also included.
530.
132:295792
Process for preparing neutral aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide.
Lu, Zhi; Luo, Jianxiong (Wande Science and Technology Co., Ltd.,
Hainan Province, Peop. Rep. China). Faming Zhuanli Shenqing
Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1210807 A 17 Mar 1999, 4 pp. (Chinese).
(People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS: ICM:
C01B011-02. APPLICATION: CN 1998-118225 11 Sep 1998.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic
Chemicals) Section cross-reference(s): 40, 59, 63
The process comprises mixing Lewis acid, Lewis base and NaClO2;
and dissolving the mixt. in water under stirring to obtain the product.
The Lewis base and Lewis acid are conjugate acid-base pair and are
selected from weak acids and their salts or weak bases and their salts,
such as sodium acetate, acetic acid, citric acid and sodium citrate.
The product can be used as bleaching agent, disinfectant, and air
freshener.
531.
132:295791
Process for manufacturing usable products from impure ferric sulfate
solution.
Jokinin, Simo; Jafverstrom, Stefan; Kenakkala, Timo (Kemira
Chemicals Oy, Finland). Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 997436 A1 3 May 2000, 9
pp. DESIGNATED STATES: R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB,
GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. (English).
(European Patent Organization). CODEN: EPXXDW. CLASS: ICM:
C01G049-14. ICS: C01G049-06; C02F001-52. APPLICATION: EP
1999-660159 7 Oct 1999. PRIORITY: FI 1998-2367 30 Oct 1998.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic
Chemicals)
The process for manufg. usable product from an impure ferric sulfate
soln. which contains as an impurity at least one other metal comprises
adding a base to the sulfate soln. to form ferric hydroxide ppt. at pH
2-5, adding an oxidant and a base to the soln. to raise the pH 6-10 to
obtain impurity metal ppts., sepn. the ppts., and manufg. the usable
product from the sepd. solids. The impure ferric sulfate soln. is formed
in the process for manufg. hydronium jarosite.
532.
132:295277
Combining chlorine dioxide bleaching of birch kraft pulp with an
A-stage at high temperatures.
Juutilainen, Sari; Vilpponen, Aki; Pikka, Olavi; Vuorinen, Tapani;
Henricson, Kaj (Department of Forest Products Technology, Helsinki
University of Technology FIN-02015, Finland). TAPPI Pulping Conf.,
Volume 2, 645-651. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999.
CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
D/A/D and A/D pre-bleaching stages of an O-bleached kraft pulp were
studied at a high temp. (95*) and compared with a conventional Do
stage at 75*. The initial pH in the D/A/D stage was high (pH 8.5-10.0)
in order to prevent formation of hypochlorous acid (from chlorite ion)
and oxidn. of HexA. The final bleaching was performed with an EoDnD
sequence. The initial pH of the D/A/D sequence was decreased in a
few seconds to a const. level of 5.3-7.0 (depending on initial pH)
indicating a complete disappearance of ClO2. This interpretation was
supported by a simultaneous disappearance of the yellow color of the
bleaching liquor. At this point, the concn. of titrable active Cl was still
high, in accordance with a low reactivity of chlorite ion at high pH.
Liberation of 2-furoic acid during the following acid treatment showed
that little HexA was degraded by the initially charged ClO2. The A/D
pre-bleaching was studied by varying the reaction time after addn. of
ClO2. The shortest reaction time applied (2 min) led to the highest
brightness and viscosity, whereas the kappa no. was slightly
decreased with the longer reaction times. A comparison at 90% ISO
brightness showed that the viscosity of the pulp in the sequences with
the acid treatment was ~65 dm3/kg lower than in the ref. bleaching.
However, there were no differences in yield and strength properties
between the sequences. Savings of ~10 kg ClO2 as active Cl/BDMT
was obtained in the total ClO2 consumption, when D/A/D or A/D
pre-bleaching was used. For a high brightness, it was better to apply a
short retention time at high temp. (95*, 2 min) in the D-stage (A/D)
rather than a longer one at a lower temp. (75*, 60 min). The higher
temp. did not decrease the viscosity of the pulp.
533.
132:295276
Inorganic reactions in chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp.
Svenson, Douglas R.; Chang, Hou-Min; Jameel, Hasan; Kadla, John F.
(Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA). TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 2,
631-643. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN:
68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43 (Cellulose,
Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
Pre-bleaching a kappa no. 27 softwood kraft pulp with ClO2 was
performed to various end pH levels. During high-pH bleaching, the
majority of bleaching chems. was lost to chlorite formation. The rapid
oxidn. of the phenolic lignin (I) results in the formation of chlorite and
hypochlorous acid (II), but the oxidn. of non-phenolic I at high pH forms
only chlorite. Without the presence of the II formed, because of the
reaction with the non-phenolic I, no more ClO2 is generated to further
react with I and the residual chlorite. At low pH, the reaction of the
non-phenolic I with ClO2 formed both chlorite and II. II further reacted
with chlorite to regenerate ClO2, which further reacted with the I.
Chlorate formation increased with decreasing end pH during ClO2
bleaching. At high pH, chlorate formed through radical quenching by
ClO2. At low pH, chlorate formation resulted from chlorous acid
disproportionation. Increases in chlorate levels are not very significant
at end pH <3.4. The amt. of residual chlorite + chlorate decreases with
end pH until ~3.4. Below end pH 3.4, the quantity of residual chlorite +
chlorate levels out because no residual chlorite remains and residual
chlorate is relatively const. at end pH from 3.4 to 1.8. Brightness and
permanganate no. trends correlate with the amt. of residual chlorite +
chlorate. At a low pH, more reaction with I and II occurs, resulting in the
formation of more org. Cl. When pre-bleaching with ClO2, more
flexibility is allowed with end pH (3.5-1.5), as compared to a D1
bleaching stage where the optimum pH is ~3.5.
534.
132:295275
About the efficiency of the most common bleaching agents.
Lachenal, Dominique; Chirat, Christine (Ecole Francaise de Papeterie,
Saint Martin d'Heres, Fr.). TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 2, 623-630.
TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN: 68UHAF.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin,
Paper, and Other Wood Products)
Bleaching of kraft pulp consists in delignification and removal of the
residual chromophores. On an industrial scale, delignification is
performed by Cl, ClO2, O, H2O2, O3, and peracetic acid. For all of
these chems., delignification can be described by 1 single global
mechanism, i.e., ring opening of arom. units, which necessitates the
exchange of 4 electrons. This may explain why the same no. of
electrons is exchanged by Cl, ClO2, and O3 for the same kappa no.
decrease. With O, H2O2, and peracetic acid, many more electrons
have to be exchanged, which justifies the search for catalysts. This
anal. gives useful information about the displacement ratio of 1 chem.
by another one. It is also shown that *50% of the bleaching chems. are
wasted in secondary reactions, which apparently do not contribute to
lignin removal.
535.
132:290919
A comparison of the bactericidal efficacy of 18 disinfectants used in the
food industry against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa at 10 and 20 癈.
Taylor, J. H.; Rogers, S. J.; Holah, J. T. (Food Hygiene Department,
Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping
Campden GL55 6LD, UK). J. Appl. Microbiol., 87(5), 718-725
(English) 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd. CODEN: JAMIFK. ISSN:
1364-5072. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 10 (Microbial,
Algal, and Fungal Biochemistry) Section cross-reference(s): 17
A no. of proprietary disinfectant products (18) used in the food industry
were tested for their bactericidal efficacy against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at 20 and 10 癈 according
to the BS EN 1276 (1997) quant. suspension test for the evaluation of
bactericidal activity of chem. disinfectants and antiseptics used in food,
industrial, domestic and institutional areas. At 20 癈, 13 products
passed at their in-use concn. (under clean and dirty conditions) against
Ps. aeruginosa and 15 passed against E. coli O157:H7. The no. of
products passing the test at 10 癈 was 11 and 14 for Ps. aeruginosa
and E. coli O157:H7, resp. The products exhibiting reduced efficacy at
the lower temp. were amphoterics and quaternary ammonium compds.
although some of these types of products were effective at both temps.
Products that passed against Ps. aeruginosa generally also passed
against E. coli O157:H7. Taking all the results together, only 11 of the
total of 18 products achieved a pass result under all the parameters
tested. This work demonstrates the need for final verification of
disinfectant efficacy by undertaking field trials in the food-processing
environment in which the product is intended for use.
536.
132:283342
Air emissions from bleach plants.
Owen, Dennis (Dennis Owen & Associates Ltd., Kingston, ON K7L
4P9, Can.). TAPPI Pulping Conf., Volume 3, 932-940. TAPPI Press:
Atlanta, Ga. (English) 1999. CODEN: 68UHAF. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Conference CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene)
Section cross-reference(s): 43
Significant savings can be achieved by improving bleach plant control,
recovering ClO2, and controlling the scrubbing media's caustic and
reductant residual. Use of pH, redox potential, S2- probes, and ClO2
gas analyzers can enhance the potential for more cost effective, yet
efficient scrubbing of bleach plant emissions.
537.
132:281454
Chain lubricant for conveyor and transport systems in food industry.
Sperling, Michael; Stroh, Gunter; Hix, Heinrich; Gutknecht, Jurgen (
Bactria Industriehygiene-Service G.m.b.H. & Co. K.-G., Germany).
PCT Int. Appl. WO 2000022072 A1 20 Apr 2000, 23 pp.
DESIGNATED STATES: W: AU, BR, BY, CA, CN, CZ, EE, HR, HU, IL,
IN, JP, KP, KR, LT, LV, MX, PL, RU, SI, SK, TR, UA, US, ZA, AM, AZ,
BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM; RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI,
FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE. (German). (World Intellectual
Property Organization). CODEN: PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM:
C10M173-02. ICS: C10M173-02; C10M125-18; C10M129-26;
C10M129-68; C10M135-10; C10M137-04; C10M145-36;
C10N030-16; C10N040-00. APPLICATION: WO 1999-EP7550 8 Oct
1999. PRIORITY: DE 1998-19846991 13 Oct 1998. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Patent CA Section: 51 (Fossil Fuels, Derivatives, and Related
Products) Section cross-reference(s): 17
The invention relates to a chain lubricant for conveyor and transport
systems (esp. for food industries) which is comprised of water,
surfactants, disinfecting agents, as well as conventional auxiliary agents
and additives. An anionic surfactant is used as the surfactant, and
ClO2 is used as the disinfecting agent.
538.
132:281199
Preparation of stable chlorine dioxide and research on its stability.
Yin, Changchun; Zhao, Xiaojun; Wang, Baofeng; Guo, Zhenduo; Mei,
Zukui; Shen, Peng (School of Chemistry and Life Science, Tianjin
Normal University, Tianjin 300074, Peop. Rep. China). Huaxue
Gongye Yu Gongcheng (Tianjin), 16(3), 181-183 (Chinese) 1999
Huaxue Gongye Yu Gongcheng Bianjibu. CODEN: HGGOER. ISSN:
1004-9533. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 49 (Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals) Section cross-reference(s): 61
Stable chlorine dioxide is a new type of disinfectant and it has a wide
range of developing prospects. Prepn. of stable chlorine dioxide using
sodium chlorite as the raw material, has been studied. The relationship
between the amt. of adding water and the concn. of the stable chlorine
dioxide and the stability of stable chlorine dioxide has been discussed.
539.
132:278462
Chlorine dioxide generators for protection of fruits and vegetables
during transportation and storage.
Clemes, Dennis Charles (S. Afr. ). PCT Int. Appl. WO 2000021879 A1
20 Apr 2000,17 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: W: AE, AL, AM, AT,
AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM,
EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG,
KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW,
MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT,
TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU,
TJ, TM; RW: AT, BE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CH, CI, CM, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI,
FR, GA, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, ML, MR, NE, NL, PT, SE, SN, TD, TG.
(English). (World Intellectual Property Organization). CODEN:
PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM: C01B011-02. ICS: A01N025-18;
A23L003-3445; B65D081-28; A23B007-152. APPLICATION: WO
1999-ZA108 8 Oct 1999. PRIORITY: ZA 1998-9220 9 Oct 1998; ZA
1999-3228 11 May 1999. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 17
(Food and Feed Chemistry) Section cross-reference(s): 5, 49
A ClO2 generator is disclosed which comprises a sheet having a
coating in which a material is dispersed; the material releases ClO2 in
the presence of moisture. The coating can be on 1 surface of a single
sheet. In another form, the coating is between 2 sheets and laminates
the 2 sheets together. One or both of the sheets can have a 2nd
coating on that face which is remote from the coating that laminates the
sheets together. The ClO2 generators are suitable for protection of
vegetables and fruits against fungi during transportation and storage.
540.
132:273489
Studies of selectivity in the amaranth method for chlorine dioxide.
Emmert, G. L.; Coutant, D. E.; Sweetin, D. L.; Gordon, G.; Bubnis, B. (
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford,
OH, USA). Talanta, 51(5), 879-888 (English) 2000 Elsevier Science
B.V. CODEN: TLNTA2. ISSN: 0039-9140. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 79 (Inorganic Analytical Chemistry) Section
cross-reference(s): 61
Studies were designed to evaluate the amaranth method for measuring
Cl dioxide in H2O. Specifically, the effects of pH and temp. were
examd. for the amaranth method. The results of interference studies
are reported for free available Cl species, chlorite ion, chlorate ion, Fe
(III) ion, oxidized Mn, and monochloramine. Addnl. research focused on
selectivity enhancement for Cl dioxide over free available Cl using
NH3/ammonium chloride buffer and gas diffusion-flow injection anal.
The results of method detection limit and accuracy and precision
studies are reported for measuring Cl dioxide in the presence of free
available Cl.
541.
132:270089
Synergistic antimicrobial, dermatological and ophthalmic preparations
containing chlorite and hydrogen peroxide.
Karagoezian, Hampar L. (USA ). PCT Int. Appl. WO 2000019981 A1
13 Apr 2000,37 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: W: AE, AL, AM, AT,
AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM,
EE, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG,
KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX,
NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR, TT, TZ,
UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW; RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES,
FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE. (English). (World
Intellectual Property Organization). CODEN: PIXXD2. CLASS: IC:
A61K009-127; A61K033-40; A01N025-00; A01N059-08;
A01N059-14. APPLICATION: WO 1999-US23291 6 Oct 1999.
PRIORITY: US 1998-169620 8 Oct 1998. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent
CA Section: 63 (Pharmaceuticals)
Disclosed are antimicrobial/pharmaceutical prepns. (e.g., solns., gels,
ointments, creams, sustained release prepns., etc.) which include
chlorite (e.g., a metal salt of a chlorite) in combination with a peroxy
compd. (e.g., hydrogen peroxide), and methods for using such prepns.
for disinfection of articles or surfaces (e.g., contact lenses, counter
tops, etc.), antisepsis of skin or other body parts, prevention or
deterrence of scar formation and/or treatment and prophylaxis of
dermal (i.e., skin or mucous membrane) disorders (e.g., wounds, burns,
infections, cold sores, ulcerations, psoriasis, acne, or other
scar-forming lesions). A gel contg. Na chlorite 0.06, H2O2 0.01,
hydroxypropyl Me cellulose 2, boric acid 0.15, HCl/NaOH q.s. to pH 7.4,
and purified water q.s. to 100 % was formulated and applied on the
affected arms to treat psoriasis plaques.
542.
132:267141
Apparatus for making aqueous chlorine dioxide and apparatus for
treating water with aqueous chlorine dioxide.
Lee, Sunggyu; Lanterman, H. Bryan (Water Technologies Ltd., USA).
U.S. US 6051135 A 18 Apr 2000, 21 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S.
5,855,861. (English). (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM.
CLASS: IC: C01B011-02. NCL: 210192000. APPLICATION: US
1998-141352 27 Aug 1998. PRIORITY: US 1996-606283 23 Feb
1996; WO 1997-US2157 21 Feb 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent
CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic Chemicals) Section
cross-reference(s): 60, 61
A method and app. for forming an aq. Cl dioxide soln. is disclosed
which includes reacting in a reaction vessel an acid reaction soln.
contg. a hydroxy carboxylic acid and a companion acid with an alkali
metal salt of a chlorite ion. In accordance with the process, the hydroxy
carboxylic acid serves to temporarily transfer Cl from and does not form
a salt with the alkali metal salt of a chlorite ion. The aq. Cl dioxide soln.
produced is substantially free of chlorous acid and preferably is free of
other byproducts such as NaCl and free Cl. The method further
includes maintaining the reaction vessel at a pH of <5 and/or
withdrawing at least a portion of the Cl dioxide from the aq. Cl dioxide
soln. The method enables rapid, efficient, and compact generation of
Cl dioxide. A method of disinfecting H2O, and app. for making Cl
dioxide and for disinfecting H2O also are provided.
543.
132:266618
Evaluation of pulp bleaching agents efficiency - Novel approach.
Lachenal, D.; Chirat, C. (EFPG, Saint-Martin d'Heres 38402, Fr.). Rev.
ATIP, 53(4-5), 125-130 (French) 1999 Association Technique de
l'Industrie Papetiere. CODEN: ATIPBH. ISSN: 0997-7554.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
A review with 15 refs. is given on chem. pulp bleaching using mol.
Cl-free chems. including ClO2, O3, peracids, O2 and H2O2. The
reaction mechanisms of delignification are reviewed.
544.
132:261588
Genotoxicity of drinking water after treatment with gaseous chlorine and
chlorine dioxide.
Kusova, J.; Dobias, L.; Mudra, R.; Lorkova, M.; Skopalova, M.; Tvrda,
J.; Cerna, M.; Palova, M.; Kyncl, M. (Krajska Hygienicka Stanice,
Ostrava, Czech Rep.). Hygiena, 44(4), 198-203 (Czech) 1999 Ceska
Lekarska Spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne. CODEN: HGIEE7. ISSN:
1210-7840. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 4 (Toxicology)
Section cross-reference(s): 61
The authors investigated drinking water from 3 plants in Northern
Moravia with regard to genotoxic effects which are frequently
potentiated by the method of chlorine treatment. Water samples, plain
and treated, were tested by the Ames test and the SOS chromotest. In
both short-term tests, the genotoxicity of drinking water was confirmed
whereby after disinfection by chlorine treatment the genotoxic potential
of water samples increased. On comparison of drinking water treated
with gaseous chlorine and chlorine dioxide the latter had more
favorable parameters from the genotoxic aspect.
545.
132:261541
Hematological effects of chlorine dioxide on in vitro exposure in mouse,
rat and human blood and on subchronic exposure in mice.
Ueno, Hitoshi; Sayato, Yasuyoshi; Nakamuro, Katsuhiko (Fac. Pharm.
Sci., Setsunan Univ. 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101,
Japan). J. Health Sci., 46(2), 110-116 (English) 2000 Pharmaceutical
Society of Japan. CODEN: JHSCFD. ISSN: 1344-9702.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 4 (Toxicology) Section
cross-reference(s): 61
Hematol. effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and its metabolites were
investigated. In vitro exposure of mouse, rat, and human blood cells to
ClO2 and the redn. byproduct, chlorite (ClO2-) resulted in the formation
of metHb, a decrease in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and in the
content of reduced glutathione (GSH), and an increase in hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) formation, and hemolysis. The H2O2 formation and
hemolysis induced by ClO2 and ClO2- in mouse blood cells were the
highest among cells tested, and human blood cells were more resistant
to the oxidative stress than rat and mouse blood cells. Both compds.
also showed more toxic responses to E. coli mutants lacking formation
of catalase DSH19 (katEG), superoxide dismutase DSH56 (sodAB)
and both of them DSH67 (katEG sodAB) than the wild strain DSH7 by
Kat-sod assay, as a biol. detection method for reactive oxygen
species, suggesting the formation of H2O2 and superoxide anion. For
subchronic study of ClO2, mice received drinking water contg. 100,
1000, 1500, or 2000 mg/L ClO2 in the presence of the stabilizer, 1200
mg/L of sodium bicarbonate ad libitum for 30, 60 or 90 days.
Statistically significant hematol. changes were obsd. in animals
exposed to more than 1000 mg/L ClO2, which showed augmented
G-6-PD activity in erythrocytes and increased resistance to hemolysis
in hypotonic soln. The results of this study therefore indicate that ClO2
acutely causes hematotoxicity toward mice by producing reactive
oxygen species and by weakening the protection systems to oxidative
stress in erythrocytes, although the latter may be induced by long term
exposure, while humans appear to be more resistant to this
hematotoxicity.
546.
132:257271
Procedure for the production of chlorine dioxide and its use.
Linke, Joerg (Germany ). Ger. Offen. DE 19846258 A1 20 Apr 2000,2
pp. (German). (Germany). CODEN: GWXXBX. CLASS: ICM:
C25B001-26. ICS: C02F001-76. APPLICATION: DE 1998-19846258
7 Oct 1998. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 72
(Electrochemistry) Section cross-reference(s): 49, 61
The invention describes a procedure for the prodn. of chlorine dioxide
by electrochem. process of chlorine compds. The received chlorine
dioxide can be used at small machine costs for the H2O treatment and
sterilization.
547.
132:256077
Compositions for sustained release of a antimicrobial gas.
Wellinghoff, Stephen T.; Barenberg, Sumner A.; Kampa, Joel J.;
Barlow, Darren E. (Bernard Technologies, Inc., USA). U.S. US
6046243 A 4 Apr 2000, 43 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S. 5,650,446.
(English). (United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS:
ICM: A61K047-30. ICS: A01N025-34; A01N025-08. NCL:
514772300. APPLICATION: US 1997-858860 19 May 1997.
PRIORITY: US 1993-17657 12 Feb 1993; US 1994-192499 3 Feb
1994; US 1994-192498 3 Feb 1994; US 1994-192498 3 Feb 1994;
US 1994-228671 18 Apr 1994; US 1995-465358 5 Jun 1995; US
1995-462164 5 Jun 1995; US 1995-461716 5 Jun 1995; US
1995-462039 5 Jun 1995; US 1995-461304 5 Jun 1995; US
1995-462164 5 Jun 1995; US 1995-461706 5 Jun 1995; US
1995-465087 5 Jun 1995; US 1995-465086 5 Jun 1995; US
1996-682318 17 Jul 1996; US 1996-726413 3 Oct 1996; US
1996-724907 3 Oct 1996. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 63
(Pharmaceuticals)
A composite for retarding microbiol. contamination contg. a
hydrophobic material contg. an acid releasing agent, and a hydrophilic
material contg. anions that are capable of reacting with hydronium ions
to generate a gas. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials are
adjacent and substantially free of water, and the hydrophilic material is
capable of generating and releasing the gas after hydrolysis of the acid
releasing agent. A compn. was prepd. contg. sodium chlorite,
formamide, acrylamide, isopropylacrylamide and hydrophobic material
consisting of a 40% soln. of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer in
ethylbenzene plasticizer. Hydronium ions formed during hydrolysis
reacted with chlorite anions to release chlorine dioxide.
548.
132:255661
The elimination of Legionella in local hot and cold water systems using
a novel chlorine dioxide technique.
Harris, A.; Rendell, M. (Feedwater Ltd., Moreton, UK). Off. Proc. - Int.
Water Conf., 60th, 136-140 (English) 1999 Engineers' Society of
Western Pennsylvania. CODEN: OIWCEQ. ISSN: 0739-4977.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water) Section
cross-reference(s): 10
A new chlorine dioxide system is used to effectively deliver continuous
low levels of chlorine dioxide which are effective in controlling
Legionella in the hot and cold water system without need for prior
disinfection.
549.
132:255450
Influence of bleaching technologies on the aerobic biodegradability of
effluents from Eucalyptus kraft pulps factories.
Vidal, Gladys; Soto, Manuel; Mendez, Ramon; Lema, Juan Manuel (
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of La Frontera,
Temuco-Chile, Chile). Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 42(3), 323-329
(English) 1999 Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana. CODEN: BABTFC.
ISSN: 1516-8913. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste
Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 43
Aerobic biodegradability of effluents from different Eucalyptus kraft pulp
bleaching processes was studied. Bleaching effluents were obtained
from: (i) Chlorine Bleaching (CB) processes, with partial substitution of
chlorine by chlorine dioxide and (ii) Total Chlorine Free (TCF)
processes. The overall biodegradability, in terms of COD was higher
for TCF effluents (96-98%) than for CB ones (82-93%). Taking into
account the higher org. load of CB effluents, this fact implied a much
higher residual COD for them (100-180 mg/L) than for TCF effluents
(10-30 mg/L). Furthermore, a refractory fraction of mol. wt. higher than
43,000 Da was found in CB effluent, which implied the necessity of a
further specific treatment. The toxicity was completely removed after
the biol. treatment.
550.
132:253195
Manufacture of aqueous chlorine dioxide solution.
Li, Quanxi; Wang, Guilan (Peop. Rep. China ). Faming Zhuanli
Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1207364 A 10 Feb 1999,7 pp.
(Chinese). (People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS:
ICM: C01B011-02. APPLICATION: CN 1998-118037 6 Aug 1998.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic
Chemicals) Section cross-reference(s): 40, 60, 63
The process comprises introducing Cl2 or Cl2 and HCl into water, and
mixing the water with NaClO2 soln. in ClO2 generating chamber to
obtain ClO2 soln. ClO2 soln. generator consists of Cl2 generator,
feeder, ClO2 generating chamber, and water inlet tube connected with
the ClO2 generating chamber. The water inlet tube consists of two
branch pipes; one branch pipe is connected with the ClO2 generating
chamber through an ejector connected with the Cl2 generator and HCl
soln. feeder; the other branch pipe is connected with the ClO2
generating chamber through ejector connected to the NaClO2 soln.
feeder.