 |
|
第401---450篇 |
 |
||
|
|
第401---450篇 |
| |
||
401.
130:303911
Simulation of radiation-chemical behavior of americium in perchloric
acid. I. 0.1-4 M HClO4.
Vladimirova, M. V. (State Scientific Center, Bochvar All-Russia
Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Moscow, Russia).
Radiochemistry (Moscow), 41(1), 50-58 (English) 1999 MAIK
Nauka/Interperiodica Publishing. CODEN: RDIOEO. ISSN:
1066-3622. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 74 (Radiation
Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other Reprographic
Processes)
Simulation of radiation-chem. redn. of Am(VI) and Am(V) in 0.1-4 M
HClO4 was carried out. As a result of simulation and comparison of the
calcd. and exptl. data, an optimum scheme of radiation-chem.
reactions was developed, unknown reaction consts. were found, and
the rate-detg. stages of individual valence transitions of americium
under these conditions were elucidated.
402.
130:301757
Method and apparatus for generating and using chlorine dioxide.
Drake, James F. (Medivators, Inc., USA). PCT Int. Appl. WO 9919001
A2 22 Apr 1999, 23 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: W: AL, AM, AT, AT,
AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, CZ, DE, DE, DK,
DK, EE, EE, ES, FI, FI, GB, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IS, JP, KE,
KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW,
MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SK, SL, TJ, TM, TR,
TT, UA, UG, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM;
RW: AT, BE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CH, CI, CM, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR,
GA, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, ML, MR, NE, NL, PT, SE, SN, TD, TG.
(English). (World Intellectual Property Organization). CODEN: PIXXD2.
CLASS: ICM: A61L002-00. APPLICATION: WO 98-US21134 7 Oct
1998. PRIORITY: US 97-950697 15 Oct 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Patent CA Section: 63 (Pharmaceuticals)
The present disclosure relates to a method for generating a vol. of
chlorine dioxide-based sterilant/disinfectant. The method includes the
step of generating chlorine dioxide gas and transferring the gas to a
sterilization chamber. The chlorine dioxide is generated by reacting a
chlorite with an acid. It also includes the step of monitoring the concn.
of chlorine dioxide gas within the sterilization chamber, and terminating
the transfer of chlorine dioxide gas to the sterilization chamber when
the concn. of chlorine dioxide within the chamber reaches a predetd.
level.
403.
130:298924
Experimental selection of supplement flow rate of raw material
solutions in manufacture of aqueous chorine dioxide solution,
continuous manufacture of chlorine dioxide, and apparatus for
measuring concentration of chlorine dioxide in water.
Ogawa, Katsutoshi (Chisso Corp., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho
JP 11116205 A2 27 Apr 1999 Heisei, 7 pp. (Japanese). (Japan).
CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C01B011-02. ICS: G05D011-02.
APPLICATION: JP 1997-290569 8 Oct 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic Chemicals)
In continuously manufg. an aq. chlorine dioxide soln. by supplying a
chlorous acid soln., a hypochlorous acid soln. (HA), and an acid soln.
(A); flow rates of both the HA and A are exptl. selected under
supplement of the chlorous acid soln. at a const. flow rate. The
selection is carried out by (1) changing the flow rate of HA under the
supplement of A at a const. flow, to det. the HA flow rate where chlorine
dioxide maximally generate, and then (2) changing the flow rate of A
under the supplement of HA at the detd. flow rate, to det. the flow rate of
A. In the selection method, the order of A and HA in detg. their flow
rates may be reversed. Chlorine dioxide is continuously manufd. by the
method. An app. for measuring the conc. of chlorine dioxide in water,
equipped with a flow cell, and a light source, a photoelec. conversion
device is also claimed. High-purity and high-concn. aq. chlorine
dioxide soln. is obtained by the method.
404.
130:298166
Kraft wood pulp TCF and ECF bleaching with enzyme pretreatment.
Zhan, Huaiyu; Yue, Baozhen; Lin, Lu (State Key Laboratory of Pulp and
Paper Engineering, South China Univ. of Tech., Canton 510641, Peop.
Rep. China). Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 26(11),
24-28 (English) 1998 Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao Bianji
Weiyuanhui. CODEN: HLDKEZ. ISSN: 1000-565X. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other
Wood Products)
Softwood kraft pulps were treated with a xylanase Irgazyme 40-X4.
Various elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCF)
bleaching with or without enzyme pretreatment have been carried out.
The results show that the enzyme pretreatment makes the downstream
bleaching more effective, resulting in increase of brightness, decrease
of Kappa no. and improvement of pulp viscosity, and it may be capable
of producing 88% ISO brightness pulp without using elemental chlorine.
405.
130:298164
Application of vinyl ester resin in chlorine dioxide bleaching system.
Lu, Shiping; Wang, Xiaodong (East China University of Science and
Technology, Shanghai 200237, Peop. Rep. China). Zhongguo Zaozhi,
17(6), 70-71 (Chinese) 1998 Zhongguo Zaozhi Xuehui. CODEN:
ZHZADC. ISSN: 0254-508X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
Properties of MFE-4 vinyl ester resin developed by East China
University of Science and Technol., and its application in ClO2
generating, storage and bleaching systems for pulp were discussed.
406.
130:286257
Pilot study: high-performance chlorine dioxide gas generator for CSO
treatment at NYC DEP 26th Ward WPCP.
Rosenblatt, Aaron A.; Smith, Kenneth J. (CDG Technology, Inc., Lehigh
Valley, PA 18002, USA). Disinfect. '98: Latest Trends Wastewater
Disinfect.: Chlorination UV Disinfect., Proc., 477-481. Water
Environment Federation: Alexandria, Va. (English) 1998. CODEN:
67KLA4. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 60 (Waste
Treatment and Disposal) Section cross-reference(s): 47
Pilot testing of alternative technologies for the treatment of combined
sewer overflow (CSO) wastewater was performed at New York City's
26th Ward Wastewater Pollution Control Plant (WPCP). This work
included the use of high-purity, chlorine-free chlorine dioxide gas
generated on site by a new gas:solid process.
407.
130:286255
Chemical and non-chemical disinfection of CSO's.
Boner, Mark; Gurney, Paula; Arnett, Clifford J. (WWETCO, LLC,
Columbus, GA 31901, USA). Disinfect. '98: Latest Trends Wastewater
Disinfect.: Chlorination UV Disinfect., Proc., 331-340. Water
Environment Federation: Alexandria, Va. (English) 1998. CODEN:
67KLA4. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA Section: 60 (Waste
Treatment and Disposal)
Innovative technologies and wet weather applications are being tested
at the full-scale Uptown Park combined sewer overflow (CSO)
Advanced Demonstration Facility (ADF) in Columbus, GA. This project
is evaluating side-by-side treatment methods for removing wet weather
contaminants and accompanied chem. and non-chem. disinfection.
Disinfection processes at the ADF include sodium hypochlorite,
chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and medium pressure UV light (UV).
The program has developed significant correlations for use in water
quality assessments and design of wet weather controls. Applications
described include: the sizing and operation of sodium hypochlorite
disinfection of CSO's in a vortex separator/contact chamber, and the
sizing of medium pressure UV preceded by vortex sepn. and
compressed media filtration. The merits of a combined chem. and UV
disinfection system are also delineated. The ADF program is being
peer reviewed by the Water Environment Research Foundation
(WERF) and the information is being disseminated through multiple
outreach vehicles.
408.
130:286253
Piloting of alternatives to high rate chlorine disinfection for N.Y.C. CSO
abatement.
Goldstein, Sorin L.; Smith, Kenneth J.; Moffa, Peter E.; Davis, Daniel
P.; Goebel, Howard M. (Syracuse, NY 13214, USA). Disinfect. '98:
Latest Trends Wastewater Disinfect.: Chlorination UV Disinfect., Proc.,
305-316. Water Environment Federation: Alexandria, Va. (English)
1998. CODEN: 67KLA4. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference CA
Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal)
This Pilot Study Report presents the results of disinfection pilot testing
performed on combined sewer overflow (CSO) wastewater as part of
the upgrade to the Spring Creek Auxiliary Wastewater Pollution Control
Plant (AWPCP). The Spring Creek AWPCP is an off-line CSO
storage facility and currently uses sodium hypochlorite for disinfection
of overflows. The purpose of this disinfection pilot study was to
evaluate the performance of alternative disinfection technologies for
application to the Spring Creek AWPCP. In this study, four high-rate
disinfection technologies, UV light, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and
chlorination/dechlorination were concurrently piloted to det. their relative
effectiveness in reducing bacteria levels in water representative of the
CSO wastewater at the Spring Creek AWPCP. During testing,
samples of the influent wastewater and of the treated effluent from each
pilot were collected and analyzed for total coliform, fecal coliform,
Escherichia coli, enterococcus, and conventional wastewater quality
parameters. Bacteria kills for each of the indicator bacteria, in terms of
log redn. and concn., were related to dose for each of the four
technologies. Disinfection effectiveness was defined as 3 to 4 log
bacterial redns. in order to compare the performance of the alternative
technologies.
409.
130:285972
DOAS Zenith Sky Observations: 2. Seasonal variation of BrO over
Bremen (53癗) 1994-1995.
Richter, A.; Eisinger, M.; Ladstatter-Weissenmayer, A.; Burrows, J. P.
(Institute Environmental Physics, University Bremen, Bremen D-28334,
Germany). J. Atmos. Chem., 32(1), 83-99 (English) 1999 Kluwer
Academic Publishers. CODEN: JATCE2. ISSN: 0167-7764.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial
Hygiene)
Zenith sky observations of BrO over Bremen (53癗) are reported for the
period of Sept. 1994 to Jan. 1996. BrO differential slant columns
between 90* and 80* solar zenith angle showed a strong seasonal
variation between a winter max. of 1.9 * 1014 mol./cm2 and a summer
min. of 0.6 * 1014 mol./cm2. The seasonal variation in BrO twilight
values is inversely correlated with NO2 columns in agreement with
current knowledge of gas phase chem. of bromine. In contrast to model
predictions, no significant difference between morning and evening
BrO measurements was obsd. During a 6 day polar vortex excursion to
mid-latitudes OClO could be measured above Bremen indicating
chlorine activation in the vortex air. No significant increase in BrO
differential slant columns was detected during this time.
410.
130:285971
An investigation of ClO photochemistry in the chemically perturbed
Arctic vortex.
Pierson, J. M.; McKinney, K. A.; Toohey, D. W.; Margitan, J.; Schmidt,
U.; Engel, A.; Newman, P. A. (Earth System Science, University
California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA). J. Atmos. Chem.,
32(1), 61-81 (English) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. CODEN:
JATCE2. ISSN: 0167-7764. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section:
59 (Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene) Section cross-reference(s): 53
A new lightweight in situ instrument designed to measure ClO was
flown on a balloon launched into the Arctic vortex at dawn on Feb. 3,
1995 at Kiruna, Sweden during the Second European Stratospheric
Arctic and Mid-latitude Expt. (SESAME), together with instruments to
measure ozone and long-lived tracers. Observations on ascent and
descent at different solar zenith angles are compared to results from
Lagrangian and box model calcns. that assume the airmasses at
similar potential temps. had comparable photochem. histories.
Between 20 and 22 km, in a region where ClO was significantly
enhanced, a model constrained by currently recommended rate
parameters significantly underestimates the abundances of ClO that
were obsd. on ascent at high solar zenith angles, whereas the
agreement is much better if a smaller ClO-Cl2O2 equil. const., one
inferred from previous ER-2 aircraft observations of ClO in the Arctic
during nighttime, is assumed. On ascent, ClO is addnl. enhanced in a
narrow region between 20 and 21 km. We believe the most plausible
explanation for this feature is rapid photolysis of OClO produced by the
slow bimol. reaction ClO + ClO over the 48 h prior to the observations
when the airmass was warmed to 225 K by adiabatic compression
while in polar darkness. These results suggest that under special
circumstances, OClO can be produced by a reaction other than one
involving BrO, and, hence, OClO is not necessarily a universal proxy for
BrO abundances in the perturbed polar vortex.
411.
130:283600
Process for bleaching chemical paper pulps with chlorine dioxide.
Briois, Laurence; Suty, Herve (Elf Atochem S.A., Fr.). Eur. Pat. Appl.
EP 906987 A1 7 Apr 1999, 7 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: R: AT,
BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI,
LT, LV, FI, RO. (French). (European Patent Organization). CODEN:
EPXXDW. CLASS: ICM: D21C009-14. ICS: D21C009-147;
D21C009-10. APPLICATION: EP 98-402178 3 Sep 1998. PRIORITY:
FR 97-12367 3 Oct 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The process sequence comprises at least one stage based on
treatment of pulps of consistency of 5-15% with ClO2 [0.05-5% of dry
pulp] under O pressure of 3-10 bar, at preferred pH of 7-10 and 40-90*.
Thus a kraft pulp of Kappa index 24.1 from a DEDE [D = conventional
ClO2, E = soda extn.] pre-bleaching sequence, polymn. degree of
1370, consistency 10%, and ISO whiteness of 69.9% was treated in a
first stage with 2% ClO2 at 55*, pH 2.5, for 1 h, then in a second stage
under the same conditions except for a decrease amt. of ClO2 to 1%.
The resulting pulp had ISO whiteness index of 82.1%; the use of ClO2
instead of Cl results in lower organochlorine compds. released to the
environment, while providing with acceptable bleaching results.
412.
130:281681
Experimental Studies and Quantitative Modeling of Turing Patterns in
the (Chlorine Dioxide, Iodine, Malonic Acid) Reaction.
Rudovics, B.; Barillot, E.; Davies, P. W.; Dulos, E.; Boissonade, J.;
Kepper, P. De (Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS Bordeaux,
Pessac F-33600, Fr.). J. Phys. Chem. A, 103(12), 1790-1800
(English) 1999 American Chemical Society. CODEN: JPCAFH.
ISSN: 1089-5639. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 22
(Physical Organic Chemistry) Section cross-reference(s): 67, 68
Exptl. studies of the formation of Turing patterns in the (Cl dioxide, I,
malonic acid) reaction are performed in a spatial open gel disk reactor
where all the input species are fed onto one side by a continuous
stirred tank reactor. This setup is shown to fit the pool-chem. approxn.
used in most theor. approaches. Nonequil. phase diagrams are
established as a function of concns. in the input flows. In agreement
with theor. predictions, the location of the transition from uniform steady
states to Turing patterns is almost independent of the concns. of the
complexing agent which controls the effective diffusion of activatory
species. Extensive anal. and numerical calcns. in 2 and 3 dimensions
are performed from the Lengyel-R醔ai-Epstein kinetic model and its
2-variable redn. This particular exptl. configuration is shown to
minimize the problems encountered with more commonly used
versions of spatial open reactors. In std. conditions, the quant.
agreement with the expts. is excellent in regard to the sketchiness of
the model. Finally, the authors discuss the role of boundary conditions
and comment on problems they raise in the use of one-side-fed open
spatial reactors.
413.
130:273543
Fluorescence Excitation Spectrum of OClO (*2A2).
Lim, Soon-Mi; Kim, Taek-Soo; Lim, Goo-Il; Kim, Sang Kyu; Choi,
Young S. (Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Inchon 402-751, S.
Korea). J. Phys. Chem. A, 103(13), 2097-2099 (English) 1999
American Chemical Society. CODEN: JPCAFH. ISSN: 1089-5639.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 73 (Optical, Electron, and
Mass Spectroscopy and Other Related Properties)
The fluorescence excitation (FE) spectrum for the *2A2 U X2B1
transition of OClO cooled in supersonic jet expansions was obtained
from the origin band at 476 nm up to 355 nm. Despite rapid
predissocn. of the excited OClO mols., the fluorescence emission is
strong enough to give the FE spectrum with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
The present FE spectrum shows the much lower rotational temp. and
hence better state resoln. than seen in previously reported spectra,
demonstrating that it can be used as a convenient spectroscopic tool
for the state and mode selection in the photodissocn. dynamics
studies. The FE spectroscopy can be also applied for the high-resoln.
spectroscopy and various kinetic studies on the OClO mols.
414.
130:273350
Absorption and Resonance Raman Study of the 2B1(X)-2A2(A)
Transition of Chlorine Dioxide in the Gas Phase.
Esposito, Anthony P.; Stedl, Todd; Jonsson, Hannes; Reid, Philip J.;
Peterson, Kirk A. (Department of Chemistry, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA). J. Phys. Chem. A, 103(12), 1748-1757
(English) 1999 American Chemical Society. CODEN: JPCAFH.
ISSN: 1089-5639. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 73
(Optical, Electron, and Mass Spectroscopy and Other Related
Properties) Section cross-reference(s): 65
The photochem. reaction dynamics of Cl dioxide (OClO) were studied
using absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The 1st Raman
spectra of gaseous OClO obtained directly on resonance with the
2B1-2A2 electronic transition are reported. Significant scattering
intensity is obsd. for all vibrational degrees of freedom (the sym.
stretch, bend, and asym. stretch), demonstrating that structural evolution
occurs along all three normal coordinates following photoexcitation.
The exptl. measured absorption and resonance Raman intensities are
compared to the intensities predicted using both empirical and ab initio
models for the optically active 2A2 surface. Comparison of the exptl.
and theor. absorption spectra demonstrates that the frequencies and
intensities of transitions involving the asym. stretch are well reproduced
by the empirical model characterized by a double-min. along the asym.
stretch. However, the ab initio model is also found to reproduce a
subset of the exptl. intensities. The extremely large resonance Raman
intensity of the asym. stretch overtone transition is predicted by both
models. The results presented here taken in combination with the
model for the 2A2 surface in condensed environments suggest that the
phase-dependent photochem. reactivity of OClO is due to
environment-dependent excited-state structural evolution along the
asym. stretch coordinate.
415.
130:272008
Acidic aqueous chlorite teat dip providing shelf life, sanitizing capacity
and tissue protection.
Richter, Francis L.; Paquette, Cathy M.; Staub, Richard K. (Ecolab Inc.,
USA). PCT Int. Appl. WO 9916418 A1 8 Apr 1999, 73 pp.
DESIGNATED STATES: W: AU, BR, CA, CZ, HU, JP, KE, MX, NZ,
PL, PT, RO, RU, UA. (English). (World Intellectual Property
Organization). CODEN: PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM: A61K009-00. ICS:
A61K031-185; A61K031-19; A61K031-20; A61K033-00;
A01N025-24; A01N037-00; A01N037-02; A01N037-06; A01N059-00.
APPLICATION: WO 98-US8491 27 Apr 1998. PRIORITY: US
97-938653 26 Sep 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 63
(Pharmaceuticals)
The mastitis control teat dip compn. of the invention provides rapid
initial kill, a useful highly pseudoplastic rheol., a barrier/film-forming
capacity, a unique antimicrobial compn. that is stable over an extended
period of time, and unexpected long term microbial control when
compared to the prior art materials disclosed in patents and used in the
marketplace. The compns. of the invention are made by combining an
aq. thickened liq. compn. contg. the org. components which can be
combined with a simple aq. soln. of a salt of chlorous acid, preferably
an alkali metal chlorite. The materials can be combined and blended
into a smooth viscous material and can be immediately contacted with
the target animals. The compns. of the invention provide rapid initial
kill, consistent long term kill and chem. and rheol. stability.
416.
130:271760
Complying with the Stage 1 D/DBP Rule.
Pontius, Frederick W.; Diamond, William R. (USA). J. - Am. Water
Works Assoc., 91(3), 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32 (English) 1999
American Water Works Association. CODEN: JAWWA5. ISSN:
0003-150X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
Section cross-reference(s): 80
The Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule is
summarized, including the requirements for residual free chlorine,
chloramines, and chlorine dioxide disinfectants and total
trihalomethanes, total haloacetic acids, chlorite and bromate
disinfection byproducts.
417.
130:271348
Analysis of results for pilot treatment of hospital wastewater with
chlorine dioxide.
Wang, Fuxiang; Bao, Xinxiang; Liu, Jingwen (Sch. Chem. Eng., NUST,
Nanjing 210094, Peop. Rep. China). Nanjing Ligong Daxue Xuebao,
22(6), 529-531 (Chinese) 1998 Nanjing Ligong Daxue Xuebao
Bianjibu. CODEN: NLIXET. ISSN: 1005-9830. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal)
Treatment of the hospital wastewater with ClO2 removed bacteria and
chem. pollutants. The treated wastewater meets the national stds. A
ClO2 generator was used.
418.
130:271199
Occupational exposure to chemical and biological agents in the
nonproduction departments of pulp, paper, and paper product mills: an
international study.
Teschke, Kay; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Andersen, Aage; Boffetta, Paolo;
Fincham, Shirley; Finkelstein, Murray; Henneberger, Paul; Kauppinen,
Timo; Kogevinas, Manolis; Korhonen, Kari; Liss, Gary; Liukkonnen,
Tuula; Osvoll, Peter; Savela, Anja; Szadkowska-Stanczyk, Irena;
Westberg, Hakan; Widerkiewicz, Krystyna (Department of Health Care
and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3,
Can.). Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 60(1), 73-83 (English) 1999 American
Industrial Hygiene Association. CODEN: AIHAAP. ISSN: 0002-8894.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial
Hygiene) Section cross-reference(s): 43
As part of an international epidemiol. study of workers in the pulp and
paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were
assembled in a database. This article describes 7293 measurements
in nonprodn. departments from 147 mills in 11 countries. The greatest
variety of agents was measured in the maintenance, construction, and
cleaning department, where high exposures to asbestos, chromium
[VI], copper, mercury in urine, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, styrene, sulfur
dioxide, trichloroethylene, and welding fumes were obsd.
Measurements in the storage, yard, loading, and shipping department
indicated high exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, fungal
spores, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and total dust. The steam and
power generation department had high exposures to Me mercaptan,
silica, and total dust. Measurements in process and effluent water
treatment, lab. and research, engineering, and office, administration,
and cafeteria areas had few elevated exposures. Throughout the
nonprodn. departments, measurements of pulp-prodn. chems. such as
chlorine and sulfur compds. tended to be low, with many below
detection limits. There were some problems with the available data; in
particular, detection limits were often not specified, and the data
tended to be clustered in such a way that sources of exposure
variability could not be distinguished. Despite these problems, the
data provide new insight into the exposures of nonprodn. pulp and
paper industry personnel.
419.
130:271094
Atmospheric trace gas measurements from the European Space
Agency's Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment.
Chance, K.; Spurr, R. J. D.; Kurosu, T. P. (Harvard-Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA). Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc.
Opt. Eng., 3495(Satellite Remote Sensing of Clouds and the
Atmosphere III), 230-234 (English) 1998 SPIE-The International Society
for Optical Engineering. CODEN: PSISDG. ISSN: 0277-786X.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial
Hygiene)
The Global Ozone Monitoring Expt. (GOME) was launched on the
European Space Agency's ERS-2 satellite on Apr. 20, 1995. GOME
measures the Earth's atm. in the nadir geometry, using four
spectrometers that cover the UV and visible (238-794 nm) at moderate
resoln. (0.2 nm in the UV, 0.4 nm in the visible), employing silicon diode
array detectors. GOME takes some 30,000 spectra per day, obtaining
full global coverage at 40*320 km2 resoln. in three days. It provides
measurements of ozone (including the tropospheric distribution), NO2,
SO2, formaldehyde, H2O, BrO, ClO, and OClO. We directly fit GOME
radiance spectra using nonlinear least-squares anal. to obtain column
amts. of several trace species, including ClO, BrO, SO2, and H2CO.
The use of recent improvements in the underlying physics and
spectroscopy permits the fitting of radiances to very high precision,
approaching 2*10-4 (optical thickness) in favorable cases, for std. 1.5 s
integration time GOME measurements. Examples of the fitting of BrO
and SO2 are presented here.
420.
130:269326
Aqueous chlorine dioxide composition having high purity and method
and apparatus for its manufacture.
Ogawa, Katsutoshi; Shimomura, Hirokazu (Chisso Corp., Japan). Jpn.
Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11092104 A2 6 Apr 1999 Heisei, 12 pp.
(Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C01B011-02.
ICS: C01B011-02; A01N059-08. APPLICATION: JP 97-268221 16
Sep 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals)
The title compn. contains *1.15 wt.% dissolved byproduct Cl vs.
dissolved ClO2. The compn. is manufd. from a
chlorite-hypochlorite-acid 3-component soln. or a chlorite-acid
2-component soln. contg. an accelerator by static mixing under atm. or
pressure for reaction. Also claimed is an app. for the manuf. process.
The product is obtained at low cost.
421.
130:269323
Apparatus and process for manufacturing of chlorine dioxide.
Bao, Xunxiang; He, Qihuan; Ding, Haiqing (Nanjing University of
Science & Engineering, Peop. Rep. China). Faming Zhuanli Shenqing
Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1114632 A 10 Jan 1996, 13 pp. (Chinese).
(People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS: ICM:
C01B007-00. APPLICATION: CN 94-111378 8 Jul 1994.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial Inorganic
Chemicals)
ClO2 is prepd. by (1) mixing 1.9-2.5M NaClO3 and 2.0-3.0M NaCl
(NaClO3/NaCl mol. ratio is 1:(1.05-1.2)), (2) reacting the soln. with 18M
H2SO4 at ambient temp. and acidity 3.5-6M under vacuum for 5-10 min
to obtain mixed gas contg. ClO2 and Cl2, (3) stripping ClO2 by air for
30-60 min, and (4) extg. ClO2 through jet blower. The stripped mixed
gas is washed with 2.5-4.0M NaClO2 before extd. through jet blower.
The ClO2 generator consists of reaction system and absorption system.
The reaction system is composed of raw-material tank, flow meter,
reactor, and gas-stripping chamber; the raw-material tank is connected
with the reactor with feeding tube through flowmeter, and the reactor
(connected with an aeration pump) is in and connected with the
gas-stripping chamber (with air suction inlet, gas outlet, residue
overflow, and is connected with a gas- washing chamber) by a pore on
its upper side. The absorption system is composed of jet blower,
absorbing soln. tank, recycle pump, tail gas absorber, and
neutralization tank; jet blower, absorbing soln. tank, and recycle pump
form a recycle system; jet blower is connected with gas-stripping
chamber; tail-gas outlet and water inlet of absorbing soln. tank are
connected with gas inlet and water outlet of tail gas absorber (with a
waste-gas outlet and a running-water inlet, and having another water
outlet on bottom connected with water inlet of neutralization tank; its
waste-gas outlet is connected with air suction inlet of gas-stripping
chamber), resp.; the neutralization tank has a tube connecting with the
residue overflow of gas-stripping chamber, and has a drain outlet and a
liquor outlet connecting with recycle pump. The recycle pump consists
of two pumps connecting in parallel.
422.
130:268715
Applying ozone in elemental chlorine free bleaching.
Colodette, Jorge Luiz; De Brito, Ana Campos H.; Rodrigues, Da Silva
Marcelo; Salvador, Elias (Praxair Technology, Inc., USA). Eur. Pat.
Appl. EP 905307 A1 31 Mar 1999, 21 pp. DESIGNATED STATES: R:
AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE,
SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. (English). (European Patent Organization).
CODEN: EPXXDW. CLASS: ICM: D21C009-10. APPLICATION: EP
98-115927 24 Aug 1998. PRIORITY: US 97-917235 25 Aug 1997.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper,
and Other Wood Products)
Bleaching lignocellulosic materials comprising a bleaching sequence
of *3 sequential stages, the stages including a pulp oxidative treatment
stage using chlorine dioxide, an alk. extn. stage, and an acidification
bleaching treatment stage that uses ozone. Pulp bleaching showed
57% redn. in consumption of chlorine dioxide with a savings of 1.95 kg
ClO2/kg O3.
423.
130:268629
Properties and reaction behavior of conventional bleaching chemicals.
Bayer, R. (Papiertechnische Stiftung, Institut fur Zellstoff und Papier,
Heidenau D-01809, Germany). PTS-Manuskr., PTS-MS 64/97,
Bleiche von Faserstoffen, 1/1-1/10 (German) 1997. CODEN:
PTSMFN. ISSN: 0942-749X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Report; General
Review CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood
Products)
A review with 3 refs. on the properties and reaction behaviors of
conventional pulp bleaching chems. is presented. Topics discussed
include: (1) purpose of bleaching; (2) conventional bleaching agents
and their reaction behaviors; (3) subdivision of bleaching agents; (4)
properties of oxidative chems.; and (5) properties of reductive chems.
424.
130:257787
Numerical bifurcation diagram for the two-dimensional boundary-fed
chlorine-dioxide-iodine-malonic-acid system.
Setayeshgar, S.; Cross, M. C. (Condensed Matter Physics 114-36,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA). Phys.
Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top., 59(4),
4258-4264 (English) 1999 American Physical Society. CODEN:
PLEEE8. ISSN: 1063-651X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section:
67 (Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms)
Section cross-reference(s): 22, 65
We present a numerical soln. of the
chlorine-dioxide-iodine-malonic-acid reaction-diffusion system in two
dimensions in a boundary-fed system using a realistic model. The
bifurcation diagram for the transition from nonsymmetry-breaking
structures along boundary feed gradients to transverse
symmetry-breaking patterns in a single layer is numerically detd. We
find this transition to be discontinuous. We make a connection with
earlier results and discuss prospects for future work.
425.
130:257201
Nitrile perfumery material.
Frank, Walter C.; Pagano, Alex R. (Bush Boake Allen Inc., USA). U.S.
US 5888962 A 30 Mar 1999, 5 pp. (English). (United States of
America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: A61K007-46. ICS:
A61K007-32; A61K007-075; A61K007-00. NCL: 512022000.
APPLICATION: US 97-974950 20 Nov 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Patent CA Section: 62 (Essential Oils and Cosmetics)
A perfumery material is composed of a mixt. of
3-methyl-5-phenyl-pentanenitrile(I) and
3-methyl-5-cyclohexyl-pentanenitrile (II), which can be combined with
other perfumery materials. A 0.1% mixt. of I:II (990:10) was added to a
liq. bleach soln. composed of 5% by wt. sodium hypochlorite and 95%
by wt. water, adjusted to a pH of about 11.5 to about 12.0 by the addn.
of sodium hydroxide. After ten days storage of the mixt. at 70癋 the
fragrance was acceptably stable or stable and that the perfume
possessed better lemon character and masking ability in liq. bleach
than I or II alone.
426.
130:257127
Method for disinfection of water.
Kreysig, Dieter; Sandt, Burkhard; Rennau, Joachim (Aqua
Butzke-Werke A.-G., Germany). Ger. Offen. DE 19745542 A1 15 Apr
1999, 6 pp. (German). (Germany). CODEN: GWXXBX. CLASS: ICM:
C02F001-76. APPLICATION: DE 97-19745542 10 Oct 1997.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 61 (Water)
The water distribution system with intermittent water usage is treated to
maintain a free chlorine content of ~0.3 mg/L by injecting ClO2 and
subjecting the water to electrolysis whenever the free chlorine drops
below ~0.1 mg/L.
427.
130:256303
Sampling and determination of chlorine dioxide by specific trapping.
Development of a method applicable to workplace atmospheres.
Oury, V.; Peltier, A. (service Evaluation et prevention du risque
chimique, Centre de recherche de l'INRS, Nancy, Fr.). Cah. Notes
Doc., 172, 233-241 (French) 1998 Institut National de Recherche et de
Securite. CODEN: CNDIBJ. ISSN: 0007-9952. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 59 (Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene) Section
cross-reference(s): 4, 79
Lab. tests led to the selection of a chlorine dioxide trapping method that
makes personal measurements easier: the sampling filter is
impregnated with triethanolamine, with immediate desorption of the
filter in water. The resulting soln. can be analyzed up to three or four
weeks later, by ion chromatog. This sampling method has been made
available to the occupational risk prevention departments of the CRAM
regional health insurance funds, which have to monitor work stations
where chlorine dioxide is used as a disinfectant. The method may also
be used in the presence of other chlorine derivs., by adding specific
traps.
428.
130:253869
Comparison of different ClO2 processes from a technical and
economical point of view.
Dahl, Anders (Cellchem AB, Stockholm S-100 61, Swed.). Kami
Parupu Gijutsu Kyokai, Nenji Taikai Koen Yoshishu, 545-557
(Japanese) 1998 Kami Parupu Gijutsu Kyokai. CODEN: NTKKFN.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper,
and Other Wood Products)
Processes of bleaching pulp to prevent from the formation of ClO2
using methanol, H2O2, or NaCl/HCl as reducing agents were compared
in terms of tech. procedure and cost.
429.
130:244286
Investigating the photochemical dynamics of chlorine dioxide in water
and acetonitrile using ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy.
Philpott, Matthew J.; Hayes, Sophia C.; Reid, Philip J. (Department of
Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA).
Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., 63(Ultrafast Phenomena XI), 597-599
(English) 1998 Springer-Verlag. CODEN: SSCPDA. ISSN:
0172-6218. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 74 (Radiation
Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other Reprographic
Processes)
The photochem. reaction dynamics of chlorine dioxide (OClO) are
investigated using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. It is found
that the majority of the dynamics can be attributed to the formation and
vibrational relaxation of OClO from geminate recombination of the
primary ClO and O photofragments.
430.
130:242070
Manufacture of high-iron compounded flocculating agent having
oxidizing ability for water treatment.
Qu, Jiuhui; Tian, Baozhen (Ecological Enviroment Research Centre,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peop. Rep. China). Faming Zhuanli
Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1172079 A 4 Feb 1998, 7 pp.
(Chinese). (People's Republic of China). CODEN: CNXXEV. CLASS:
ICM: C02F001-52. ICS: C01G049-00. APPLICATION: CN
97-116359 18 Aug 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 61
(Water)
The flocculating agent is manufd. by mixing ClO2 as oxidizing agent,
Fe(NO3)3, KOH and NaOH to give a soln. mixt. contg. *12% Na2FeO4
or Na2FeO4+K2FeO4, chlorite, chlorate, and hypochlorite. It has
oxidizing, flocculating and sterilizing properties, and is used in the
treatment of water.
431.
130:239025
Application of vinyl ester resin mud to lining brick of bleaching tower.
Lu, Shiping; He, Xueshen; Chen, Xizhang (East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, Peop. Rep. China).
Zhongguo Zaozhi, 17(5), 26-29 (Chinese) 1998 Zhongguo Zaozhi
Xuehui. CODEN: ZHZADC. ISSN: 0254-508X. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood
Products)
Formulations, prepn. and phys. properties of vinyl ester resin mud were
studied. The application of the mud to the anticorrosive brick lining in
C/D (treating the pulp with Cl2 and ClO2) and D (treating the pulp with
ClO2 in the presence of NaOH and SO2) stage in bleaching towers was
discussed. The corrosion resistant mortar was formulated with
"MFE-4" vinyl ester resin, anti-corrosive powder, Me Et ketone
peroxide and Co naphthenate.
432.
130:239002
Evaluation of anticorrosive resins in fiber-reinforced plastic equipments
for chlorine dioxide bleaching system.
Lu, Shiping; Lu, Guanxing (East China University of Science and
Technology, Shanghai 200237, Peop. Rep. China). Zhongguo Zaozhi,
17(4), 7-9 (Chinese) 1998 Zhongguo Zaozhi Xuehui. CODEN:
ZHZADC. ISSN: 0254-508X. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
Section cross-reference(s): 37, 38
The performances of several glass fiber-reinforced plastics in corrosive
conditions (Cl2-ClO2 and ClO2-NaOH solns.) were evaluated. Glass
fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resins showed good corrosion resistances
and could be used in ClO2 pulp bleaching equipments fabricated with
fiber-reinforced plastics.
433.
130:229264
Atmospheric remote-sensing reference data from GOME-2.
Temperature-dependent absorption cross sections of O3 in the
231-794 nm range.
Burrows, J. P.; Richter, A.; Dehn, A.; Deters, B.; Himmelmann, S.;
Voigt, S.; Orphal, J. (Institute of Environmental Physics, University of
Bremen, Bremen D-28334, Germany). J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.
Transfer, 61(4), 509-517 (English) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.
CODEN: JQSRAE. ISSN: 0022-4073. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal
CA Section: 73 (Optical, Electron, and Mass Spectroscopy and Other
Related Properties) Section cross-reference(s): 59, 79
Absorption cross sections of O3 in the 231-794 nm range were
measured at 202-293 K using the Global Ozone Monitoring Expt.
(GOME) Flight-Model (FM) satellite spectrometer. The GOME FM
spectra have a spectral resoln. of ~0.2 nm <400 nm and of ~0.3 nm
>400 nm, and were recorded covering simultaneously the Hartley,
Huggins, and Chappuis bands centered around 255, 340, and 610 nm,
resp. The variation of the O3 absorption cross sections was studied
over the entire spectral range 231-794 nm. The new cross sections are
important as ref. data for atm. remote-sensing of O3 and other trace
gases.
434.
130:227433
Apparatus and method for water treatment by disinfection and
coagulation.
Miyanoshita, Tomoaki; Nogami, Takako; Meiga, Haruki; Tsunoda,
Fudeko (Japan Organo Co., Ltd., Japan). Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP
11057731 A2 2 Mar 1999 Heisei, 9 pp. (Japanese). (Japan).
CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: ICM: C02F001-50. ICS: C02F001-50;
B01D021-01; B01D021-30; C02F001-52; C12M001-34;
C12Q001-68; G01N015-00; G01N033-58. APPLICATION: JP
97-220293 15 Aug 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 61
(Water)
The app. comprises means for dosing the polluted water with a
disinfectant (e.g., NaClO or ClO2), and/or a coagulant (e.g., FeCl3,
polyaluminum chloride or alum) to agglomerate floc and to sep. ppts. in
a settling tank, means for monitoring viable bacteria in the intake water
by using labeled bacteriophage which contains pigment- or fluorescent
material-labeled nucleic acids, and means for controlling the amt. of the
disinfectant and/or the coagulant addn. based on feedback signal from
the monitor.
435.
130:227389
Mobilization of PAHs from the coal-tar lining of water mains as a result
of disinfection.
Maier, M.; Lloyd, B. J.; Maier, D. (Stadtwerke Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe
76185, Germany). Water Supply, 16(3/4), 211-219 (English) 1998
Blackwell Science Ltd. CODEN: WASUDN. ISSN: 0735-1917.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water) Section
cross-reference(s): 10, 51
Coal tar was commonly used as an internal lining for corrosion
protection of water pipes beginning in the 19th century. Principal
mechanisms for the occurrence of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH)
in drinking water distribution systems were examd. Results showed the
occurrence of PAH in a distribution system was linked to the presence
of the disinfectants, Cl and ClO2. Lab. expts. demonstrated the coal tar
surface represents a substrate for biofilm growth which exhibits
protective effects. Generally, hostile environmental conditions for
microbiol. activity of the biofilm such as disinfection, stagnation
periods, and anaerobic conditions could be identified as the most
important factors to favor the occurrence of PAH in the drinking water.
It was clearly shown that disturbances in the hydraulic regime such as
water hammers, valve operation, and rapid increases in flow velocity
can result in enhanced PAH concns. Immediately after stagnation
periods, PAH concns. increased to levels exceeding prescribed
concns. of the European Community guidelines of 200 ng/L.
Destabilization of the biofilm matrix resulted in the release of particles
highly contaminated with PAH which may be responsible for drinking
water contamination.
436.
130:227383
Alteration of the chemical disinfection by chlorine dioxide to disinfection
by UV-radiation in the water works Petersaue.
Schredelseker, F.; Wiegand-Rosinus, M.; Pohl, V.; Schwartz, T.
(Stadtwerke Mainz AG, Mainz D-55118, Germany). Water Supply,
16(3/4), 161-164 (English) 1998 Blackwell Science Ltd. CODEN:
WASUDN. ISSN: 0735-1917. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 61 (Water)
In 1959, the Petersaue water works (Germany) started the treatment of
drinking water from bank infiltrate of the river Rhine. Until 1997, ClO2
disinfection was used, which may be hazardous to human health by
itself or by its byproducts. To avoid this, the disinfection was changed
to UV-radiation to avoid the addn. of chems. to the drinking water.
After the alteration, the results of intensive investigations showed, that
the bacteriol. stds. could be held. By installation of the UV-radiation
equipment for the disinfection of the Petersaue drinking water, an ecol.
beneficial and guiding system was integrated into the treatment
process.
437.
130:227380
Formation of bioavailable disinfection byproducts.
Schmidt, W.; Hambsch, B.; Petzoldt, H. (DVGW-Technologiezentrum
Wasser Karlsruhe (TZW), Aussenstelle Dresden, Dresden D-01139,
Germany). Water Supply, 16(3/4), 133-142 (English) 1998 Blackwell
Science Ltd. CODEN: WASUDN. ISSN: 0735-1917. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
The formation of biodegradable structures by disinfection of drinking
water with chlorine and ozone/chlorine was systematically investigated.
The biodegradable structures identified were carboxylic acids,
ketoacids, oxalic acid and aldehydes. Between 50 and 80 % of the
total BDOC could be identified in form of single structures. The
common characteristic of these byproducts is their instability. That
means, they are formed by the oxidn. of the org. matter and they are
precursors of further disinfection byproducts formation in the case of
residual disinfectants. Depending on the kinetics of this process the
aldehydic and particularly the acidic structures form concn. maxima and
min. vs. the contact time with residual disinfectants and (or) the dose of
disinfection. A model comparable to an oscillating system is presented
to describe this process in general.
438.
130:227332
RT-PCR amplification detects inactivated viruses in water and
wastewater.
Sobsey, M. D.; Battigelli, D. A.; Shin, G.-A.; Newland, S. (Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA). Water Sci. Technol.,
38(12), 91-94 (English) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. CODEN:
WSTED4. ISSN: 0273-1223. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 61 (Water) Section cross-reference(s): 10, 60
Nucleic acid (NA) amplification techniques are useful to detect viruses
in water and other environmental samples because they are highly
sensitive, specific and can detect fastidious enteric viruses that do not
grow well or not at all in cell cultures. However, RT-PCR was found to
detect inactivated viruses. In terms of risks to public health this
constitutes a false pos. result, as inactivated viruses are no longer
infectious. When poliovirus type 1 and coliphage MS2 were studied for
(a) persistence in water and sewage and (b) inactivation in water by
free Cl, ClO2 and UV radiation, RT-PCR assays underestimated virus
inactivation. The use of multiple RT-PCR amplification sites, larger
RT-PCR genomic targets and immunocapture RT-PCR sometimes
reduced, but did not eliminate, the discrepancy between loss of
infectivity and loss of RT-PCR titer. Virus presence based on RT-PCR
detection must be interpreted with caution when predicting human
health risks.
439.
130:225272
Enhanced methane recovery from organic carbon-contg. underground
formations by injection of aqueous oxidizing agent.
Riese, Walter C.; Bross, Stephen V. (Vastar Resources, Inc., USA).
Ger. Offen. DE 19842435 A1 25 Mar 1999, 10 pp. (German).
(Germany). CODEN: GWXXBX. CLASS: ICM: E21B043-22. ICS:
E21B043-241. APPLICATION: DE 98-19842435 16 Sep 1998.
PRIORITY: US 97-934585 22 Sep 1997; US 97-934722 22 Sep 1997;
US 97-951719 16 Oct 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section:
51 (Fossil Fuels, Derivatives, and Related Products)
A method for enhanced recovery of methane from an underground,
carbon-contg. formation penetrated by at least one borehole, consists
of: (1) injection of an aq. oxidizing soln. into the formation, that contains
at least one oxidizing agent, chosen from peroxides, ozone, oxygen,
chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite, aq. metal salts of hypochlorous acid,
perchlorates, chlorates, persulfates, percarbonates, permanganates,
nitrates, and their combinations, (2) maintaining the aq. oxidizing soln.
in the formation for a certain time, and (3) recovering methane from the
formation. The method is esp. useful for recovery of methane from
formations of carbonaceous shales, macerals, kerogens, etc.,
optionally contg. assocd. sand and clay minerals.
440.
130:224990
Method for manufacture of chlorine dioxide using calcium chloride
impregnated zeolite or aqueous calcium chloride.
Klatte, Fred (USA ). U.S. US 5885543 A 23 Mar 1999,9 pp. (English).
(United States of America). CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM:
C01B011-02. NCL: 423477000. APPLICATION: US 1997-798873 11
Feb 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 49 (Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals)
A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals
(which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium
chlorite, and a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate,
potassium chloride, or potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with
an acid, or activating an aq. soln. of metal chlorite (preferably sodium
chlorite) and such a water-retaining substance. Acids useful for
performing the activation are acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and citric
acid. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through
a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or another
water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite
crystals impregnated with the acid. The two beds can be phys. mixed
together, or the fluid can be caused to flow sequentially through distinct
first and second beds (preferably first through the bed contg.
acid-impregnated zeolite). The activation can also be performed by
immersing impregnated zeolite crystals in (or spraying them with) acid.
To produce chlorine dioxide using the sodium chlorite-contg. aq. soln.
of the invention, the soln. is mixed (or otherwise combined) with acid.
Other embodiments of the invention are impregnated zeolite crystals
(or other substances), which are useful for producing chlorine dioxide
and are stable until activated with acid. The presence (in a sufficient
amt.) of calcium chloride (or another water-retaining substance) in the
unactivated compn. reduces the rate of chlorine dioxide outgassing to
no more than a negligible amt. at times prior to activation of the compn.
with acid.
441.
130:219248
Comparison of the toxicity of wastewater disinfected with alternatives to
chlorination by bioassay using seaweed (Porphyra yezoensis
conchospores).
Takami, Tohru; Maruyama, Toshiroh; Suzuki, Yoshihiro; Kaiga,
Nobuyoshi; Miura, Akio (Fac. Eng., Miyazaki Univ., Miyazaki 889-2192,
Japan). Mizu Kankyo Gakkaishi, 21(11), 711-718 (Japanese) 1998
Nippon Mizu Kankyo Gakkai. CODEN: MKGAEY. ISSN: 0916-8958.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 4 (Toxicology) Section
cross-reference(s): 8
Chlorination of secondary effluents produce strong toxic substance
such as monochloramine or oxidant on growth of aquatic organisms.
Therefore, alternative disinfection methods to chlorination should be
considered. However, the effect of effluents disinfected with the
alternatives on seaweed has not been clarified. In this study, the
toxicity of secondary effluents disinfected with chlorine (NaOCl),
chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ozone (O3), and UV rays (UV) were
investigated by bioassay using Porphyra yezoensis conchospores.
Secondary effluents used in this study were disinfected with
disinfectants or rays which inactivated coliform groups in secondary
effluents of 99.9%. Lowest-obsd.-effect concns. (LOECs) of secondary
effluents disinfected with NaOCl, ClO2, and O3 for germination ratio of
conchospores were 1.0, 10, and 100% of effluent concn., resp. The
toxicity of effluents disinfected with NaOCl and ClO2 were very strong.
In contrast, the effluents disinfected with UV rays did not affect the
germination of conchospores. The toxicity of effluents disinfected with
NaOCl, ClO2, and O3 were considered to depend on initial total
residual oxidant (TRO). Dechlorination with Na2SO3 of effluents
disinfected with NaOCl or ClO2 did not affect the germination of
conchospores, even in 100% of effluent concn.
442.
130:210935
Reaction of the hardwood lignin model compound 4-methylsyringol with
chlorine dioxide.
Mckague, A. Bruce; Reeve, Douglas W.; Grey, Arthur A. (Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and Pulp & Paper
Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Can.). Appita J.,
51(6), 448-450 (English) 1998 Appita. CODEN: APJOES. ISSN:
1038-6807. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 43 (Cellulose,
Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The hardwood lignin model compd. 4-methylsyringol reacted with 2 mol
of ClO2 to give 2,3-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone as the major
product. With 3 mol of ClO2, 2 keto-acid esters and the maleic acids
methylmaleic acid and 2-chloro-3-Me maleic acid were the major
products. A furancarboxylic acid ester, which was formed in <1% yield,
was the only product isolated to provide evidence that muconic acid
intermediates are formed in the reaction of hardwood lignin structures
with ClO2.
443.
130:206093
Toxic effect of chemical disinfection of wastewater on freshwater
ciliates.
Madoni, Paolo; Gorbi, Gessica; Taje, Elena (Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy). Acta
Protozool., 37(4), 221-225 (English) 1998 Nencki Institute of
Experimental Biology. CODEN: ACPZAU. ISSN: 0065-1583.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 4 (Toxicology) Section
cross-reference(s): 61
The toxic effect of chem. disinfection of sewage treatment plants was
tested on freshwater ciliates inhabiting the receiving water bodies. For
this purpose, the effluent from an activated-sludge plant was treated
with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and
peracetic acid (PAA) for 15 min and the treated effluent was inoculated
for 24 h with the ciliates Dexiostoma campylum, Euplotes patella and
Spirostomum teres. The effluent treated with ClO2 was highly toxic to
S. teres but resulted only slightly toxic to the other two ciliate species.
The effluent treated with NaClO produced a moderate toxic effect only
on E. patella. The effluent treated with peracetic acid caused mortality
only to E. patella. Since the poly-isosaprobic ciliate D. campylum - the
smallest of the ciliate species tested - showed the lowest sensitivity,
this can lead to the hypothesis that toxicity of the treated effluents may
be related to both saprobity and size of the ciliates.
444.
130:200672
Formation of Cyanogen Bromide and Other Volatile DBPs in the
Disinfection of Bromide-Rich Lake Water.
Heller-Grossman, Lilly; Idin, Anna; Limoni-Relis, Bracha; Rebhun,
Menahem (Environmental and Water Resources Engineering,
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel). Environ.
Sci. Technol., 33(6), 932-937 (English) 1999 American Chemical
Society. CODEN: ESTHAG. ISSN: 0013-936X. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Journal CA Section: 61 (Water)
Prodn. of cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and other volatile DBPs was
studied in bromide-rich lake water during disinfection with chlorine,
chloramine, and chlorine dioxide. The different disinfectants were
dosed to the lake water in lab. expts., and the resulting concns. of
CNBr, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetonitriles (HACNs) were
measured. The CNBr concn. is a result of formation and decompn. by
hydrolysis. The max. concn. (36 mg/L) was obtained at low chlorine
dose (1.5 mg/L) at pH 7.5 and 10 h contact time. Under these
conditions, the molar distribution of the volatile DBPs was 50% CNBr,
40% THMs, and 10% HACNs. It is suggested that CNBr is formed by
the reaction of hypobromous acid with org. N precursors present in lake
water. Fulvic acid was found to be a good precursor for THMs but a
poor precursor for CNBr. With chloramination, yields of CNBr, THMs,
and HACNs were much lower, only 6, 11, and 2 mg/L, resp. The CNBr
concn. was stable for 10 days. Chlorine dioxide produced insignificant
quantities of CNBr, THMs, and HACNs, less than 1 mg/L. A
combination of chlorine dioxide and chloramine enhanced prodn. of
CNBr and THMs to max. yields of 7.8 and 19 mg/L, resp.
445.
130:198056
Process for bleaching paper pulp with ozone and chlorine dioxide.
Muguet, Michel; Trichet, Alain; Hornsey, Derek (Air Liquide, Societe
Anon. pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude,
Fr.). Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 902120 A1 17 Mar 1999, 7 pp.
DESIGNATED STATES: R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT,
LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. (English). (European
Patent Organization). CODEN: EPXXDW. CLASS: ICM:
D21C009-153. ICS: D21C009-14; D21C009-10. APPLICATION: EP
98-402261 14 Sep 1998. PRIORITY: FR 97-11446 15 Sep 1997.
DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper,
and Other Wood Products)
The pulp is subjected successively to the action of ozone and then of
ClO2, or vice versa. A "low concn." paper pulp with a consistency of
*5% is mixed with ozone in a rotary stirrer in which the pulp is stirred at
a low speed while ozone is injected into the pulp, so as to obtain a
fluidized pulp. The tangential peripheral speed of the pulp at the walls
of the rotary stirrer is 2-12 m/s, the contact time between the ozone and
the pulp is 1-20 min and the amt. of ozone injected into the rotary stirrer
is 1-20 kg ozone per ton of paper pulp (dry basis). The pulp is
maintained in the fluidized state for substantially the entire duration of
the reaction with the ozone.
446.
130:188475
Apparatus for obtaining the anodic oxidation products of a solution of
alkaline or alkaline-earth metal chlorides.
Bakhir, Vitold Mikhalovich; Zadorozhny, Jury Georgievich (Russia ).
PCT Int. Appl. WO 9911840 A1 11 Mar 1999,21 pp. DESIGNATED
STATES: W: AL, AU, BA, BB, BG, BR, CA, CN, CU, CZ, EE, HU, IL,
IS, JP, KR, LK, LR, LT, LV, MG, MK, MX, NO, NZ, PL, RO, SG, SI, SK,
TR, TT, US; RW: AT, BE, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CH, CI, CM, DE, DK, ES, FI,
FR, GA, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, ML, MR, NE, NL, PT, SE, SN, TD, TG.
(Russian). (World Intellectual Property Organization). CODEN:
PIXXD2. CLASS: ICM: C25B009-00. ICS: C25B001-46.
APPLICATION: WO 97-RU276 2 Sep 1997. DOCUMENT TYPE:
Patent CA Section: 72 (Electrochemistry) Section cross-reference(s):
47
The present invention relates to an app. for obtaining the anodic oxidn.
products of a chloride soln., wherein said app. comprises at least an
electro-chem. cell that includes an anode and a cathode made of a
material which is not sol. upon electrolysis. The electrode gap between
the anode and the cathode is divided by a cylindrical diaphragm made
of ceramic so as to obtain two electrode chambers, i.e. an anode
chamber and a cathode chamber. This app. also comprises systems
for supplying or discharging the soln. to be treated in the chambers,
wherein said systems are connected to soln. circulation circuits located
in said chambers. This app. further comprises a system for removing
the gaseous products. The cell comprises an outer electrode (cathode)
and an inner electrode (anode) which are coaxial and vertical as well as
a diaphragm made of a ceramic contg. a mixt. of aluminum and
zirconium oxides. The cell is further fitted with mounting and fixation
lower and upper systems for the electrodes and the diaphragm,
wherein said systems resp. comprise ducts for supplying and
discharging the soln. in and from the electrode chambers. The system
for supplying a soln. of an alk. or alk.-earth metal chloride is
hydraulically connected to the lower part of the circulation circuit in the
anode chamber.
447.
130:186567
Study on treating the hospital wastewater with chlorine dioxide.
Huang, Junli; Zhou, Liying; Ma, Fang (Harbin University of Architecture
and Civil Engineering, Harbin 150008, Peop. Rep. China). Huanjing
Huaxue, 18(1), 61-69 (Chinese) 1999 Kexue Chubanshe. CODEN:
HUHUDB. ISSN: 0254-6108. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA
Section: 60 (Waste Treatment and Disposal)
Hospital sewage disinfection with ClO2 was studied. The effect of ClO2
on bacteria and coliform group bacteria and removal of organisms
were studied systematically under various conditions such as
disinfectant dose, contact time and pH, and it is compared with that of
liq. Cl. The effect of ClO2 on microorganism and removal of organism
were better than that of liq. Cl, and sewage treated by ClO2 is accorded
with and met the National Effluent Std. Disinfection effect of ClO2 on
those bacteria as well as sepn. and detn. of bacteria in the hospital
sewage are carried out. The disinfection effect of ClO2 is better than
that of liq. Cl. The application of ClO2 to hospital sewage treatment is
feasible.
448.
130:183987
Method of producing bleached pulp.
Uchida, Yosuke; Miura, Takahiro; Iwasaki, Makoto (Oji Paper Co., Ltd.,
Japan). Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 899374 A1 3 Mar 1999, 17 pp.
DESIGNATED STATES: R: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IT,
LI, LU, NL, SE, MC, PT, IE, SI, LT, LV, FI, RO. (English). (European
Patent Organization). CODEN: EPXXDW. CLASS: ICM:
D21C009-14. ICS: D21C009-10. APPLICATION: EP 98-660084 28
Aug 1998. PRIORITY: JP 97-235829 1 Sep 1997. DOCUMENT
TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other
Wood Products)
A bleached pulp having a high brightness and a satisfactory pulp
viscosity is produced from a lignocellulosic material with a high
efficiency by subjecting an aq. slurry of a pulp to a bleaching step
including *1 stage in which the pulp is bleached with chlorine dioxide
under a pressure of, for example, 0.0980-0.883 MPa (1.0-9.0 kg/cm2),
created by a compressed gas, preferably at a pH of 2-5, at a temp. of
50-120* and in a pulp consistency of 5-40%.
449.
130:183986
Post digestion treatment of cellulosic pulp to minimize formation of
dioxin.
Tsai, Ted Yuan (International Paper Company, USA). U.S. US
5876561 A 2 Mar 1999, 7 pp. (English). (United States of America).
CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: D21C009-02. ICS: D21C009-12;
D21C009-14; D21C009-153. NCL: 162060000. APPLICATION: US
92-843834 28 Feb 1992. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 43
(Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
A post-digestion treatment method for cellulosic pulps which reduces
the generation of dioxins and other chlorinated orgs. in the pulp,
treatment effluent and/or the paper product produced from the pulp. In
the treatment, the pulp, following digestion, is washed with a liq. that is
essentially free of dioxins or dioxin precursors and simultaneously
adjusted in consistency to at least a medium, and preferably a high
consistency. Thereafter, the pulp is contacted with a chlorination agent
selected from the group consisting of gaseous chlorine dioxide,
gaseous chlorine, and gaseous chlorine dioxide which contains a minor
amt. of gaseous chlorine.
450.
130:183963
Strength preservation in ozone bleaching using (D/Z) or (Z/D) at low
consistency.
Fisher, S.; Corbeil, S.; Sundar, M. (Air Liquide Group, Pulp and Paper
Research, Chicago Research Center, Countryside, IL 60525, USA).
Pulping Conf., Volume 3, 1429-1444. TAPPI Press: Atlanta, Ga.
(English) 1998. CODEN: 67EEAL. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference
CA Section: 43 (Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products)
The combination of O3 and ClO2 in the 1st stage of a pulp bleaching
sequence provides considerable savings in operating and capital cost.
Bleaching with (D/Z) or (Z/D) compared with control D was carried out
at low consistency (2.5%). Several studies on various pulps were
performed. The results thus far indicated no difference in strength
between (D/Z) or (Z/D) pulps, as compared to D treated pulps. The
amts. of O3 and ClO2 were adjusted in order to preserve the strength
properties of the fully bleached pulp. Hard- and softwood samples
were tested; some were O delignified before bleaching to full
brightness. Instead of using viscosity as an indicator, curves of strength
properties such as tear vs. tensile were compared, showing that (D/Z)
or (Z/D) sequences can have equiv. or better strength than the control
sequence.